Lesson 10 - Thermodynamics Cont. (Gibbs) Flashcards

16.4

1
Q

Enthalpy (H)

A

How much heat is taken in or given off by a system.

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2
Q

Heat (q)

A

Exchange of thermal energy due to a temperature difference.

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3
Q

Thermal Energy

A

The total of all kinetic energies within a given system.

(energy in an object or system due to the movement of its molecules and atoms).

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4
Q

Delta S Fusion Equation

A

∆S = ∆Hf / T

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5
Q

Temperature (Definition)

A

Measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in the system.

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6
Q

Gibbs Free Energy (Def)

A

Energy that is available (free) to do work.

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7
Q

Gibbs Free Energy Equation
“Get Higher Test Scores”

A

ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°
or
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

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8
Q

Gibbs Free Energy (Standard free energies formation equation) Alternate method from ΔG° formation.

A

ΔG° = (Sum ΔG° products) - (Sum ΔG° reactants)

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9
Q

ΔG° < 0

A

Spontaneous (free energy in system used for reaction).

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10
Q

ΔG° > 0

A

Nonspontaneous (Outside energy used)

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11
Q

ΔG° = 0

A

Equilibirum

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12
Q

Dealt S Vaporization Equation

A

delta S (vap) = delta H (vap) / T(boiling point in K).

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13
Q

In a spontaneous process at constant temp and pressure, the free energy always

A. Increases
B. Decreases

A

B. Decreases - spontaneous processes use up their free energy.

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14
Q

Spontaneous Reactions are more likely to be?

A. Exothermic (ΔH < 0)
B. Endothermic (ΔH > 0)

A

Exothermic - they result in a decrease ΔH < 0 of the systems overall energy.

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15
Q

ΔG scenario(s) when:

ΔS > 0 and ΔH > 0 (endothermic)

A

ΔG < 0 - at high temps.

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16
Q

ΔG scenario(s) when:

ΔS < 0 and ΔH > 0 (endothermic)

A

ΔG > 0 - at ANY temp.

17
Q

ΔG scenario(s) when:

ΔS > 0 and ΔH < 0 (exothermic)

A

ΔG < 0 - at ANY temp.

18
Q

ΔG scenario(s) when:

ΔS < 0 and ΔH < 0 (exothermic)

A

ΔG < 0 - at low temps.

19
Q

Gibbs Free Energy Equilibrium (Non-Standard) Equation. (Find ΔG)

A

ΔG = ΔG°+ RT*ln(Q)

20
Q

Gibbs Free Energy (Standard Conditions Equation) at Equilibrium

A

ΔG° = -RT*ln(keq)

21
Q

Gibbs Free Energy (Nonstandard Conditions) Definition.

A

Instantaneous difference in free energy between the reactants and products.

22
Q

Reaction Quotient (Q) Definition

A

Ratio of units for the concentrations or pressure of the products over the reactants at a specific point of time.

23
Q

Keq (Definition)

A

Ratio of units for the concentrations of the products over the reactants at equilibrium.

24
Q

If ΔG < 0 what is Keq and which way is the reaction going?

A

Keq > 1
The reaction goes forward.
(More products than reactants at equilbrium).

25
Q

If ΔG = 0 what is Keq and which way is the reaction going?

A

Keq = 1
The reaction is at equilibrium.

26
Q

If ΔG > 0 what is Keq and which way is the reaction going?

A

Keq < 1
The reaction is going in the reverse direction.
(to the left - more reactant favored and not spontaneous)

27
Q

Keq Equation (how to calculate Keq)

A

Keq = e^-(ΔG/RT)

28
Q

ΔG and ΔH Units

A

Kj/Mol

29
Q

ΔS Unit

A

J/mol

30
Q

Standard Conditions for (gasses, solutions, and temperature)

A

(Gasses) = 1atm
(Solutions) = 1M
Temp = 25c or 298.15

31
Q

Room Temperature in C and K

A

25c and 298.15k

32
Q

When to use ΔG = ΔG°+ RT*ln(Q)

A

When you want to see if the concentration of the products and reactants are products favored (favored in the forward direction). - Spontaneous.