Lesson 10 The Blood Flashcards
What percentage of blood consists of plasma?
46-63% of the blood consists of plasma.
What is most of the plasma made up of?
Most of the plasma is made up of water.
What are the major components of formed elements in blood?
the most common type of blood cell we know
Most of the formed elements are red blood cells/erythrocytes.
What are the primary functions of blood?
t——- of —–O– and C——D
D (think immune sys)
M—— H—– (aka equilibrium)
- Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Defense (immune system)
- Maintenance of homeostasis
What do red blood cells (erythrocytes) carry in the blood?
think gases (2 most common ones)
Oxygen and carbon dioxide.
What shape do erythrocytes have?
Biconcave discs.
What is the purpose of the biconcave shape of erythrocytes?
makes them easy to move around
To optimize the ratio of surface area to volume, facilitating gas exchange.
How many globin chains does hemoglobin have?
Hemoglobin has four globin chains, 2 alpha and 2 beta chains.
What is heme in hemoglobin responsible for?
Each heme contains an iron ion that can bind to one molecule of oxygen.
How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin carry?
Each hemoglobin can carry four oxygen molecules.
Where are erythrocytes developed?
In the bone marrow.
How long do erythrocytes exist in circulation?
120 days.
What happens to old erythrocytes?
They are broken down by macrophages in the bone, liver, and spleen.
What is anemia?
Disorders causing a difference in the size, shape, and number of erythrocytes, leading to deficient numbers of red blood cells or hemoglobin.
What causes sickle cell anemia?
A mutation in one of the hemoglobin genes.
Name the three granular leukocytes.
ends with phill
N—–
E—-
B—-
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
What is the function of basophils?
think histamines
Release substances that intensify allergic reactions (i.e., histamines).
What do neutrophils do?
Perform phagocytosis/cell eating
What is the function of eosinophils?
deal with defense whenour body reacts to something.. makes us swell
Involved with inflammation in allergic reactions and combat parasitic worms.
Name the two agranular leukocytes.
ends with cytes and only 2 of them
m——
L—–
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
What do B cells respond to?
think: immune response
Foreign substances called antigens and form plasma cells that produce antibodies.
What do T cells do?
think aTTack
Directly attack microbes.
What is hemostasis?
think DVT or blood not flowing
Another word for blood clotting.
What are the three steps to hemostasis following a blood vessel injury?
C—— B—– flow
forms to S—- o—–
coagulation enable —-R of —-the V—- W
- Vascular spasm constricts blood flow
- Platelet plug forms to seal openings
- Coagulation enables repair of the vessel wall
What are antigens?
foreign substances
Markers on the cell surface that the immune system uses to differentiate between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’.
What blood type has ‘A’ antigens?
A blood type.
What blood type has both ‘A’ and ‘B’ antigens?
AB blood type.
What determines if someone is Rh positive or negative?
The presence or absence of the Rh factor antigen.
What is the universal donor blood type?
O blood type.
What is the universal receiver blood type?
AB blood type.
What do wells contain when testing for blood type? (when mixing antigen and blood)
Antibodies for specific antigens.
What indicates a positive result for an antigen in blood typing?
what will the blood in well look like
Clumping in the well.
What is erythroblastosis fetalis?
Rh factor
A condition that can occur when an Rh- mother is exposed to Rh+ blood from a baby.
What can happen in subsequent pregnancies if erythroblastosis fetalis occurs?
The mother’s immune cells can attack the fetus’s blood cells.
