Lesson 10: Plant Anatomy Flashcards
Plant cells?
Plant cells are basic building blocks that can specialize in form and function. They work together to form tissues, and support each other and survive.
Levels of organization
atoms>molecules>cells>tissues>organs>plant>population
how to plants “speak” to each other
they can share signals with each other–> signals go through the air and through the soil
What are meristematic cells?
Plants have specialized cells that perform specific functions
-These cell are all developed from unspecialized cells called meristematic cells
-These are similar to stem cells in animals
what tissue groups are meristematic cells found in?
-The growing tips of their roots and leaves
- A special layer of their stem called the cambium
Active through the life of the plant
Where can epidermal tissues be found?
on the exterior of the plant
what are epidermal cells?
clear and very thin layer of cells that form a protective outer covering
what do epidermal cells do
allows for exchange of materials and gasses in and out of the cell
Ex: specialized guard cells form a pore (the pore is called the stomata)
–> allows for exchange of CO2, H2O vapour, and O2
what does the ground tissue do?
this tissue makes up the majority of the plant; the function will be different depending on where it is in the plant
what does the roots ground tissue do
tissue is involved in food and water storage
what does the leaves ground tissue do
it is involved in photosynthesis and gas exchange (mesophyll)
what does the stems ground tissue do
provides strength and support
Vascular tissue? what does it do
transports water and nutrients throughout the plant
what are the 2 types of vascular tissues?
xylem and phloem
xylem
responsible for the movement of water and minerals from the roots up to the stem and to the leaves (one way flow only of water and minerals)
phloem
transports sugar produced in photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the plant (two way flow of food and water)
difference between xylem and phloem
Xylem cells are DEAD!
-They are hollow cells and consist only of cell wall
-These cells transports water and dissolved minerals
Phloem cells are ALIVE!
-However, they lack nucleus and organelles
-These are the cells that transport organic materials (sugars)
what are the functions of the plant roots
-Anchorage
-Absorption of water & dissolved minerals
-Storage (surplus sugars, starch)
-Conduction water/nutrients
what are roots made up of? (tissues)
epidermal, ground, and vascular tissues
what does the dermal tissue do?
covers and protects the plant
what does the ground tissue do?
serves as a site for photosynthesis, provides support for vascular tissue, and helps to store water and sugars
what does the vascular tissue do?
transports water, minerals, and sugars to other parts of the plant
what is the root epidermal tissue there for
for protection and absorption of water
- also has root hairs that increase the surface area
what is the root ground tissue there for
to provide support and store sugars, starches, and other substances
what is the vascular tissue made up of?
both xylem and phloem (for transportation of materials)
What is the function of stems
-Support of leaves and fruits
-Transportation of water and sugars throughout plant (xylem and phloem)
what are stems made up of (tissue)
combination of epidermal, ground, and vascular tissue
what does the epidermal tissue of the stem provide?
provides protection
- includes the production of a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss or trichome hairs for protection
what is the ground tissue of the stem there for
for support, storage of materials, and photosynthesis if green
what is the vascular tissue of the stem made up of
both xylem and phloem (transportation of materials)
what are the different types of stems
- dicot
- monocot
dicot stems
Dicot stems have a well defined epidermis with cuticle (layer of dermis with multicellular stem hair)
monocot stems
Monocot stems are circular shaped with lateral branches, they are bounded with a layer of dermis
different types of stems
- woody
- herbaceous
woody plants
they produce a hard woody stem above the ground
herbaceous plants
produces soft and flexible green stems above the ground
**Most to all monocots are herbaceous, but dicots can be woody or herbaceous (approx. 50% of all dicots are woody)!
what are the functions of leaves
The leaf is the ‘Photosynthetic factories’ of the plant
-This means its major function is to perform photosynthesis which produces food for the whole plant
word/chemical equation for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water –> sugars (i.e glucose) + oxygen (and sunlight energy aka ATP)
what is mesophyll
the ground tissue that performs photosynthesis and is spongy to allow gas exchange
