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Block 2 > Lesson 10/11 Wake Turbulence & AC Characteristics > Flashcards

Lesson 10/11 Wake Turbulence & AC Characteristics Flashcards

0
Q

Vortices

A

circular patterns of air created by the movement of an airfoil through the air when generating lift

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1
Q

Wake Turbulence

A

a phenomenon resulting from the passage of an aircraft through the atmosphere. The term includes vortices, thrust stream turbulence, jet blast, jet wash, propeller wash, and rotor wash both on the ground and in the air.

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2
Q

______ are a by product of wing lift, and are the most predominant parts of aircraft wake turbulence.

A

Vortices

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3
Q

What is the strength of a vortex governed by? (3)

A
  • weight
  • shape of the wing (wing configuration) (determines wing loading)
  • speed of the generating aircraft
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4
Q

The greatest vortex strength is generated when the aircraft is _________.

A

heavy, clean, and slow

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5
Q

What is the greatest factor that affects the intensity of wake turbulence?

A

WEIGHT of the aircraft

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6
Q

Clean Configuration

A

allows for a stronger vortex to be generated because without flaps the wing has a smaller area and wing loading is therefore greater per square foot

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7
Q

Dirty Configuration

A

increases the total wing area and decreases the wing loading. The flaps also disrupt the airflow over the wing and break down the formation of the vortex.

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8
Q

The strength of these vortices will diminish with _____ and _____.

A

time; distance

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9
Q

If you have an aircraft on approach to an airport and a similar aircraft cruising during en route flight, which would create a greater wake turbulence effect?

A

approach

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10
Q

____ is generated by the creation of pressure differential over the wing surface.

A

Lift

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11
Q

____ pressure above the wing.

____ pressure below the wing.

A

Lowest; Highest

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12
Q

______ is a swirling air mass off of the wing tips trailing behind the aircraft.

A

‘Wake Vortex’ or ‘Wing Tip Vortices’

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13
Q

When viewing aircraft from behind, vortex circulation off the wingtip is ______ off the right wing; _____ off the left wing.

A

counterclockwise; clockwise

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14
Q

What is the name for the turbulent phenomenon created by aircraft passing through the atmosphere?

A

wake turbulence

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15
Q

Vortices are generated at the moment the aircraft _______.

A

generates lift (nose wheel leaves the ground)

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16
Q

Vortices ______ at the moment the aircraft stops generating lift.

A

discontinue (all landing gear has touched down)

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17
Q

What is the vortex sink rate?

A

approx 300 to 500 feet per minute

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18
Q

When does the vortex sink rate normally level off?

A

500 to 1,000 feet below the flight path

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19
Q

When close to the ground and there is zero wind, vortices from large aircraft will move laterally within in ____ to ____ of the ground and _ to __ laterally.

A

100 feet; 200 feet

2 knots; 3 knots

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20
Q

Crosswinds of 1 to 5 knots will _____________ the movement of one vortex while increasing the movement of another vortex.

A

decrease or stall

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21
Q

________ can move vortices into the landing zones of aircraft that were originally trying to avoid the wake.

A

Tailwinds

22
Q

Induced roll

A

the mechanical force a wake vortex has on an aircraft. With no counter control (roll control) the aircraft would roll completely, spinning on its longitudinal axis until the vortex sufficiently weakened.

23
Q

Roll Control

A

the ability of an aircraft to move around the longitudinal axis

24
Q

The ability of an aircraft to counteract the effects of the roll (counter control) is based on two things:

A
  • wingspan of the aircraft

- counter control capability of the aircraft

25
Q

Counter control is most effective and roll is minimal when the wingspan and the ailerons extend beyond the ________ of the vortex.

A

outer edges

26
Q

In a slow hover taxi or a stationary hover, a helicopter will generate a _________ from its main rotors. These outward vortices will spread out to a distance of approximately _______ the diameter of the rotor in _____ directions.

A

downwash; three times; all

27
Q

Helicopters will generate a pair of wingtip vortices when in __________.

A

forward flight

28
Q

Jet Blast

A

jet engine exhaust (thrust stream turbulence); normally experienced during ground operations and during initial takeoff roll prior to lift

29
Q

Is the controller responsible for anticipating wake turbulence’s existence or effects?

A

no

30
Q

When issuing a cautionary advisory during ground operations controllers may use the following terms in lieu of the term wake turbulence:

A
  • jet blast
  • prop wash
  • rotor wash
31
Q

Wake turbulence has the greatest impact on ATC in the areas of ____________.

A

increased separation and traffic management delays

32
Q

Aircraft are divided into ____ categories, name them.

A

3; Cat I, Cat II, Cat III

33
Q

Category I Aircraft

A
  • weight: 12,500 lbs or less
  • Single Engine
  • Propeller Driven
  • All Helicopters
34
Q

Category II Aircraft

A
  • Weight: 12,500 lbs or less
  • Twin Engine
  • Propeller Driven
35
Q

Category III Aircraft

A

Any other aircraft not described in either CAT I or CAT II

36
Q

Cat I General Performance Characteristics

A
  • Speed: 100-160 knots
  • Altitude: 10,000 feet and below
  • Climb Rate: 1,000 feet per minute or less
  • Weight Class: Small (S)
37
Q

Cat II General Performance Characteristics

A
  • Speed: 160-250 knots
  • Altitude: FL240 and below
  • Climb Rate: 1,000-2,000 feet per minute
  • Weight Class: Small (S)
38
Q

Cat III General Performance Characteristics

A
  • Speed: 300-550 knots
  • Altitude: FL450 and below
  • Climb Rate: 2,000 - 4,000 feet per minute
  • Weight Class: Specified for each aircraft
39
Q

Helicopter’s General Performance Characteristics

A
  • Speed: 90-160 knots
  • Altitude: FL200 and below
  • Climb Rate: 500-2,150 feet per minute
  • Weight Class: Small (S) - Large (L)
40
Q

Aircraft of 41,000 pounds or less maximum certified takeoff weight are in what weight class?

A

Small

41
Q

Large Aircraft are aircraft of more than __________ , maximum certified takeoff weight, up to but not including __________.

A

41,000 lbs; 300,000 lbs

42
Q

______ are aircraft capable of takeoff weights of 300,000 or more pounds whether or not they are operating at this weight during a particular phase of flight.

A

Heavy

43
Q

An aircraft designator may contain as many as __________, but no less than _______.

A

four characters; two characters

44
Q

The First character of an aircraft designator must be a _____.

A

letter

45
Q

Military Designators: A, B, C, E, F, H, P, T, K

A 
A- Attack
B- Bomber
C- Cargo Transport
E- Electronic (ECM)
F- Fighter
H- Helicopter
P- Patrol
T- Trainer
K- Tanker/Refueling
46
Q

List the 9 different Aircraft Identification Features:

A
  • size
  • engine location and number
  • engine type
  • wing placement
  • wing configuration
  • tail configuration
  • windows
  • fuselage shape
  • landing gear
47
Q

Name the 3 Aircraft Engine Types:

A
  • reciprocating
  • turboprop
  • turbojet
48
Q

Name the 3 types of Wing Placement:

A
  • High Wing
  • Mid Wing
  • Low Wing
49
Q

Name the 3 basic wing configurations:

A
  • straight wing
  • swept wing
  • delta wing
50
Q

Name the 5 basic tail configurations:

A
  • Conventional tail
  • Forward slant vertical stabilizer
  • Horizontal stabilizer about fuselage (mid tail)
  • “T” Tail (swept or straight)
  • “V” Tail
51
Q

Name the 5 types of windows:

A
  • oval
  • round
  • teardrop
  • square
  • bubble canopy
52
Q

Name the 2 types of landing gear:

A
  • tricycle

- conventional (taildraggers)

53
Q

Name the two types of landing gear configurations:

A
  • fixed gear

- retractable gear

Block 2 (4 decks)

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