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Experimental Psychology > Lesson 1; Whole > Flashcards

Lesson 1; Whole Flashcards

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1
Q

It is the Scientific study of behavior and mental processes

A

Psychology

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2
Q

In science, we rely on ——- ——- when we conduct psychological research

A

Scientific method

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3
Q

It refers to the research about the psychological processes underlying behavior.

A

Psychological science

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4
Q

The word science comes from the Latin word —–, which simply means knowledge.

A

Scientia

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5
Q

In contemporary times, science has two meanings; which one refers to what we know ?

A

Content

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6
Q

In contemporary times, science has two meanings; which one refers to an activity that includes the systematic ways in which we go about gathering data, noting relationships, and offering explanations?

A

Process

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7
Q

It is the scientific techniques used to collect and evaluate psychological data

A

Methodology

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8
Q

True or false
All areas of psychology rely on scientific research methods.

A

True

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9
Q

It is the scientific study of behavior, motives, or cognition in a laboratory or other controlled setting in order to predict, explain, or influence behavior or other psychological phenomena

A

Experimental Psychology

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10
Q

True or false
Psychology started as part of philosophy

A

True

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11
Q

Refers to the kind of everyday, nonscientific data gathering that shapes our expectations and beliefs and directs our behavior toward others

A

commonsense psychology

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12
Q

Our ability to gather data in a systematic and impartial way is constrained by important factors:

what are these factors?

A

sources of psychological information;

inferential strategies

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13
Q

These are derived from data we collect from our own experience and what we have learned from others.

A

Commonsense beliefs

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14
Q

True or false
Sources are always good for obtaining valid information

A

False
Sources are NOT always good for obtaining valid information

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15
Q

What phenomena is described below ?

Once we believe we know something, we tend to overlook instances that might disconfirm our beliefs, and we seek, instead, confirmatory instances of behavior

A

Confirmation bias

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16
Q

True or false

we are more likely to believe information if it comes from People who are popular, attractive, high in status, seemingly expert, or who appear highly confident are more powerful sources of information than others are

A

True

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17
Q

What are the four NONSCIENTIFIC INFERENCES

A

Traits
Stereotyping
Poor calculations of the probability or Gambler’s fallacy
Overconfidence bias

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18
Q

True ir false
Scientific mentality assumes that behavior must not follow a natural order; therefore, it can be predicted.

A

False

Scientific mentality assumes that behavior MUST follow a natural order; therefore, it can be predicted.

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19
Q

A belief that there are specifiable causes for the way people behave

A

determinism.

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of modern science

A

Scientific Mentality
Gathering Empirical Data
Seeking General Principles
Good Thinking
Self-correction
Publicizing Results
Replication

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21
Q

Refers to data that are observable or experienced.

A

empirical data

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22
Q

Empirical data can either —– or —– the hypothesis or theory

A

Verify or Disprove

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23
Q

It is used to support or refute a theory and serves as a basis for conclusion

A

Empirical data

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24
Q

What is the third in the characteristics of modern science?

A

Seeking General Principles

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25
Q

True or false
Data gathered should not be organized through principles, such as laws or theories

A

False
Data gathered SHOULD be organized through principles, such as laws or theories.

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26
Q

These are principles that have generality to apply to all situations

A

Law

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27
Q

These are a set of related statements used to explain and predict phenomena.

A

Theory

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28
Q

True or false
Theories can still be falsified

A

True

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29
Q

Fill in the blanks;
Theory is a set of related statements used to ____ and ______ phenomena

A

Explain and Predict

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30
Q

True or false
Testing predictions stemming from a theory has been the cornerstone of psychological science.

A

True

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31
Q

True or false
Old theories are replaced by new theories with lesser explanatory power.

A

False
Old theories are replaced by new theories with GREATER explanatory power.

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32
Q

True or false
Conclusions will not follow from the data, whether they are in agreement with our predictions or not.

A

False
Conclusions WILL follow from the data, whether they are in agreement with our predictions or not.

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33
Q

The simpler the better

A

Principle of Parsimony

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34
Q

What is the “Weight-of-evidence approach” ?

A

The more evidence that accumulates to support a particular explanation or theory, the more confidence we have that the theory is correct.

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35
Q

True or false
Theories are best tested through attempts at verification.

A

False
Theories are best tested through attempts at FALSIFICATION .

36
Q

The Continuous exchange of information and incorporation of findings is vital to the scientific process.

Is under what characteristics of modern science?

A

Publicizing Results

37
Q

The description;

Repeat procedures multiple times to verify results; multiple researchers should verify the experiment.

Is under what characteristics of modern science ?

A

Replication

38
Q

What are the OBJECTIVES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE?

A

Description
Prediction
Explanation
Control

39
Q

It is key to description

A

Observation

40
Q

What is the first goal of psych research ?

A

Description

41
Q

After describing the phenomena _____ comes into place

A

Prediction

42
Q

The capability of knowing in advance when a certain behavior would be expected to occur

A

Prediction

43
Q

An objective of psychological science which is described as

to understand what causes a behavior

A

Explanation

44
Q

The application of what has been learned about behavior

A

Control

45
Q

Basic Research is also called ?

A

Pure research

46
Q

Applied research is also known by the name?

A

practical research

47
Q

It is designed to increase the amount of scientific knowledge on a topic or particular field.

A

Basic/Pure research

48
Q

A study assessing whether men or women are more likely to suffer from depression

Is a type of what research ?

A

Basic/Pure/ Research

49
Q

It is designed to solve real-world problems

A

Applied/Practical Research

50
Q

Researching which strategies work best to improve students’ learning

Is a type of what research?

A

Applied/Practical Research

51
Q

What are the tools of psychological science ?

A

Observation
Measurement
Experimentation

52
Q

It is the Systematic noting and recording of events.

A

Observation

53
Q

What does the SMART principles stand for?

A

Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Relevant
Time bound

54
Q

It is the assignment of numerical values to observed objects or events according to conventional rules.

A

Measurement

55
Q

True or false
The same unit of measurement, same instruments and procedures each time the event is observed must be used.

A

True

56
Q

It is a process undertaken to test a hypothesis

A

experimentation

57
Q

True or false
To do an experiment, our predictions must be NOT TESTABLE.

A

False
To do an experiment, our predictions must be TESTABLE.

58
Q

The variable being manipulated

A

Independent Variable

59
Q

The variable being measured

A

Dependent variable

60
Q

True or false
Experimentation is undertaken to test a testable prediction

A

True

61
Q

True or false
In Experimentation, manipulation is a requirement

A

True

62
Q

It encompass the circumstances that occur prior to the event or behavior in question

A

Antecedent conditions

63
Q

It is a controlled procedure in which at least two different treatment conditions are applied to subjects.

A

Psychology Experiment

64
Q

These are manipulated specific sets of antecedent conditions.

A

Treatments

65
Q

Experimental Group is also called

A

Independent Variable

66
Q

The group that receives no treatment and is used as a comparison group.

A

Controlled Group

67
Q

An experimental design in which subjects receive only one kind of treatment.

[different subjects, different treatments ]

A

Between-subjects design

68
Q

present all treatments to each subject

[one subject across all treatments]

A

Within-subjects design

69
Q

True or false
Control is most often achieved by random assignment

A

True

70
Q

Psychology experiment can infer…

A

Causation/ cause-and-effect relationship

71
Q

It is any field of study that gives the appearance of being scientific, but has no true scientific basis and has not been confirmed using the scientific method.

A

Pseudoscience

72
Q

It is involved in assessing traits and dispositions by measuring the size and location of bumps on the skull.

Choices;
Phrenology
Physiognomy
Astrology

A

Phrenology

73
Q

It is the practice of studying planets and star patterns with the belief that they have a powerful influence on behavior and future outcomes.

Choices;
Phrenology
Physiognomy
Astrology

A

Astrology

74
Q

Involved using facial features, particularly the appearance of the eyes, nose, chin, and forehead to evaluate traits, mental capacity, and skills.

Phrenology
Physiognomy
Astrology

A
75
Q

True or false
Theory testing is focused on quantitative

A

True

76
Q

The characteristics of a scientist that is essential; always asks question and not easily persuaded

A

Skepticism

77
Q

Person centered theory and client centered therapy is from ——

A

Carl Rogers

78
Q

True or false
Falsification is better because we cannot actually prove a certain theory

A

True.
All we can do is strengthen it thru falsification

79
Q

Psychology is a scientific discipline because it utilizes ___ ___

A

Scientific Methodology

80
Q

Psychology is defined as a scientific study of behavior and mental process

Which part of this definition refers to the oberservable manifestations or the overt

A

Behavior

81
Q

Psychology is defined as a scientific study of behavior and mental process

Which part of this definition refers to the inner drives that can affect the behavior or emotion?

A

Mental / Mental processes

82
Q

Defined as an educated guess

A

Hypothesis

83
Q

Before administering the test, it must first be___

A

Psychometrically sound

84
Q

It is the process of drawing conclusion from general patterns of behavior

A

inference

85
Q

Without ______ there is no causality

A

Control

86
Q

Which design is more adventagous with regards to time?

A

Between-subject design

Experimental Psychology (4 decks)

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