Lesson 1; Whole Flashcards
It is the Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Psychology
In science, we rely on ——- ——- when we conduct psychological research
Scientific method
It refers to the research about the psychological processes underlying behavior.
Psychological science
The word science comes from the Latin word —–, which simply means knowledge.
Scientia
In contemporary times, science has two meanings; which one refers to what we know ?
Content
In contemporary times, science has two meanings; which one refers to an activity that includes the systematic ways in which we go about gathering data, noting relationships, and offering explanations?
Process
It is the scientific techniques used to collect and evaluate psychological data
Methodology
True or false
All areas of psychology rely on scientific research methods.
True
It is the scientific study of behavior, motives, or cognition in a laboratory or other controlled setting in order to predict, explain, or influence behavior or other psychological phenomena
Experimental Psychology
True or false
Psychology started as part of philosophy
True
Refers to the kind of everyday, nonscientific data gathering that shapes our expectations and beliefs and directs our behavior toward others
commonsense psychology
Our ability to gather data in a systematic and impartial way is constrained by important factors:
what are these factors?
sources of psychological information;
inferential strategies
These are derived from data we collect from our own experience and what we have learned from others.
Commonsense beliefs
True or false
Sources are always good for obtaining valid information
False
Sources are NOT always good for obtaining valid information
What phenomena is described below ?
Once we believe we know something, we tend to overlook instances that might disconfirm our beliefs, and we seek, instead, confirmatory instances of behavior
Confirmation bias
True or false
we are more likely to believe information if it comes from People who are popular, attractive, high in status, seemingly expert, or who appear highly confident are more powerful sources of information than others are
True
What are the four NONSCIENTIFIC INFERENCES
Traits
Stereotyping
Poor calculations of the probability or Gambler’s fallacy
Overconfidence bias
True ir false
Scientific mentality assumes that behavior must not follow a natural order; therefore, it can be predicted.
False
Scientific mentality assumes that behavior MUST follow a natural order; therefore, it can be predicted.
A belief that there are specifiable causes for the way people behave
determinism.
What are the characteristics of modern science
Scientific Mentality
Gathering Empirical Data
Seeking General Principles
Good Thinking
Self-correction
Publicizing Results
Replication
Refers to data that are observable or experienced.
empirical data
Empirical data can either —– or —– the hypothesis or theory
Verify or Disprove
It is used to support or refute a theory and serves as a basis for conclusion
Empirical data
What is the third in the characteristics of modern science?
Seeking General Principles
True or false
Data gathered should not be organized through principles, such as laws or theories
False
Data gathered SHOULD be organized through principles, such as laws or theories.
These are principles that have generality to apply to all situations
Law
These are a set of related statements used to explain and predict phenomena.
Theory
True or false
Theories can still be falsified
True
Fill in the blanks;
Theory is a set of related statements used to ____ and ______ phenomena
Explain and Predict
True or false
Testing predictions stemming from a theory has been the cornerstone of psychological science.
True
True or false
Old theories are replaced by new theories with lesser explanatory power.
False
Old theories are replaced by new theories with GREATER explanatory power.
True or false
Conclusions will not follow from the data, whether they are in agreement with our predictions or not.
False
Conclusions WILL follow from the data, whether they are in agreement with our predictions or not.
The simpler the better
Principle of Parsimony
What is the “Weight-of-evidence approach” ?
The more evidence that accumulates to support a particular explanation or theory, the more confidence we have that the theory is correct.
True or false
Theories are best tested through attempts at verification.
False
Theories are best tested through attempts at FALSIFICATION .
The Continuous exchange of information and incorporation of findings is vital to the scientific process.
Is under what characteristics of modern science?
Publicizing Results
The description;
Repeat procedures multiple times to verify results; multiple researchers should verify the experiment.
Is under what characteristics of modern science ?
Replication
What are the OBJECTIVES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE?
Description
Prediction
Explanation
Control
It is key to description
Observation
What is the first goal of psych research ?
Description
After describing the phenomena _____ comes into place
Prediction
The capability of knowing in advance when a certain behavior would be expected to occur
Prediction
An objective of psychological science which is described as
to understand what causes a behavior
Explanation
The application of what has been learned about behavior
Control
Basic Research is also called ?
Pure research
Applied research is also known by the name?
practical research
It is designed to increase the amount of scientific knowledge on a topic or particular field.
Basic/Pure research
A study assessing whether men or women are more likely to suffer from depression
Is a type of what research ?
Basic/Pure/ Research
It is designed to solve real-world problems
Applied/Practical Research
Researching which strategies work best to improve students’ learning
Is a type of what research?
Applied/Practical Research
What are the tools of psychological science ?
Observation
Measurement
Experimentation
It is the Systematic noting and recording of events.
Observation
What does the SMART principles stand for?
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Relevant
Time bound
It is the assignment of numerical values to observed objects or events according to conventional rules.
Measurement
True or false
The same unit of measurement, same instruments and procedures each time the event is observed must be used.
True
It is a process undertaken to test a hypothesis
experimentation
True or false
To do an experiment, our predictions must be NOT TESTABLE.
False
To do an experiment, our predictions must be TESTABLE.
The variable being manipulated
Independent Variable
The variable being measured
Dependent variable
True or false
Experimentation is undertaken to test a testable prediction
True
True or false
In Experimentation, manipulation is a requirement
True
It encompass the circumstances that occur prior to the event or behavior in question
Antecedent conditions
It is a controlled procedure in which at least two different treatment conditions are applied to subjects.
Psychology Experiment
These are manipulated specific sets of antecedent conditions.
Treatments
Experimental Group is also called
Independent Variable
The group that receives no treatment and is used as a comparison group.
Controlled Group
An experimental design in which subjects receive only one kind of treatment.
[different subjects, different treatments ]
Between-subjects design
present all treatments to each subject
[one subject across all treatments]
Within-subjects design
True or false
Control is most often achieved by random assignment
True
Psychology experiment can infer…
Causation/ cause-and-effect relationship
It is any field of study that gives the appearance of being scientific, but has no true scientific basis and has not been confirmed using the scientific method.
Pseudoscience
It is involved in assessing traits and dispositions by measuring the size and location of bumps on the skull.
Choices;
Phrenology
Physiognomy
Astrology
Phrenology
It is the practice of studying planets and star patterns with the belief that they have a powerful influence on behavior and future outcomes.
Choices;
Phrenology
Physiognomy
Astrology
Astrology
Involved using facial features, particularly the appearance of the eyes, nose, chin, and forehead to evaluate traits, mental capacity, and skills.
Phrenology
Physiognomy
Astrology
True or false
Theory testing is focused on quantitative
True
The characteristics of a scientist that is essential; always asks question and not easily persuaded
Skepticism
Person centered theory and client centered therapy is from ——
Carl Rogers
True or false
Falsification is better because we cannot actually prove a certain theory
True.
All we can do is strengthen it thru falsification
Psychology is a scientific discipline because it utilizes ___ ___
Scientific Methodology
Psychology is defined as a scientific study of behavior and mental process
Which part of this definition refers to the oberservable manifestations or the overt
Behavior
Psychology is defined as a scientific study of behavior and mental process
Which part of this definition refers to the inner drives that can affect the behavior or emotion?
Mental / Mental processes
Defined as an educated guess
Hypothesis
Before administering the test, it must first be___
Psychometrically sound
It is the process of drawing conclusion from general patterns of behavior
inference
Without ______ there is no causality
Control
Which design is more adventagous with regards to time?
Between-subject design
