lesson 1- levels of worship

Question 1

what does oikos mean?

Answer 1

household

Question 2

what is a deme?

Answer 2

a local community/ local division of the city state e.g Hitchin

Question 3

what is a polis?

Answer 3

a city state e.g Hertfordshire

Question 4

what is panhellenic?

Answer 4

all over Greece

Question 5

what is personal worship?

Answer 5

personal worship that would be done by an individual or family in their home

Question 6

what is localised worship?

Answer 6

worship that would be done as a small, localised community such as a tribe or city

Question 7

what is panhellenic worship?

Answer 7

worship that would be done over the whole of Greece

Question 8

what was Zeus ktesios?

Answer 8

Protector of property and wealth

Question 9

how is zeus ktesios typically depicted?

Answer 9

By a two handled vase draped in white woollen ribbon filled with seeds, water and olive oil

Question 10

where would a depiction of Zeus ktesios typically be kept?

Answer 10

In the storeroom

Question 11

who would pray to Zeus ktesios?

Answer 11

the father of the family- who would pray to him for wealth and good property

Question 12

what is zeus herkeois?

Answer 12

zeus of the fence who protected the enclosure of the house

Question 13

what is zeus herkeois depicted as?

Answer 13

with a snake- this snake would ward off evil

Question 14

where would the depiction of Zeus Herkeois usually be kept?

Answer 14

in the courtyard of the home, which the whole house was centered around

Question 15

what is apollo agyeios?

Answer 15

protector of the outside of the home

Question 16

how is apollo agyeios depicted?

Answer 16

by a small statuette, a small pillar or statue of heracles

Question 17

where would the apollo agyeios depiction be found?

Answer 17

outside the home

Question 18

what was a herm?

Answer 18

a rectangular pillar with a bearded head of Hermes at the top and erect phallus further down the pillar

Question 19

what were herms used as?

Answer 19

hallway markers and protective symbols outside houses

Question 20

what was the hearth?

Answer 20

The fire of the home which was dedicated to Hestia

Question 21

how were new family members such as wives, slaves and babies incorporated into the family home?

Answer 21

through a small ceremony which involved waling around the fire whilst being showered with dried fruits and nuts

Question 22

how would the hearth be worshipped?

Answer 22

By keeping the fire alive

Question 23

what were the duties of the father in the oikos?

Answer 23

-tend to the household religious cults
-tending to family tombs (both in appearance and the rituals to honour the dead)
-offer libations of milk and and honey and offerings of garlands at the gravesite once a year in the name of the deceased
-welcoming their son into their phratry (brotherhood) during a three day festival in honour of zeus phratrios

Question 24

what were the duties of women in religious participation?

Answer 24

-their main participation was as priestesses for state cults or in communal civil cults

Question 25

what was arrephoros?

Answer 25

A secret ritual which was performed in may associated with Athena polias. The arrephoroi were two maidens which were chosen each year and had to carry baskets on their heads , given to them by Athena, but neither of them knew what was in the basket. They would take it from nearby the temple of athena on the acropolis then through an underground passage to the sanctuary of aphrodite, where they would get something in return.

Question 26

what were grinders?

Answer 26

Girls that would ground the meal for the cakes that would offered to athena on her alter

Question 27

what was the brauronia?

Answer 27

There was a sanctuary of artemis at Brauron. Girls would dress up as bears at the festival of brauronia- this was a required festival before a girl was allowed to marry

Question 28

what was a basket bearer?

Answer 28

Might refer to the baskets that held sacrificial elements on occasions such as the panathenaic procession.

Question 29

what were women allowed to do once they were married?

Answer 29

They could take part in festivals such as the Thesmophoria ( a woman only festival in honour of demeter and persephone) or the eleusinian mysteries.

Question 30

what rites did women have to perform?

Answer 30

They would have to perform rites when someone had died by tending to the corpse.

Question 31

how many residents are estimated to have lived in the deme of erchia?

Answer 31

3,000-2,000 people 500 of which were male

Question 32

what piece of evidence dated from the 4th century BC gives us an insight into their deme religious participation?

Answer 32

their sacrificial calendar, which told us what sacrifices were happening weekly, monthly and yearly, whether the sacrifice would be dedicated to a god or a hero, and what animal would be sacrificed.

Question 33

how many sacrifices did the deme of erchia have a year?

Answer 33

5

Question 34

how many animals were sacrificed yearly at the deme of erchia?

Answer 34

59 animals yearly

Question 35

who paid for the erchia sacrifices?

Answer 35

wealthy demesmen- the sacrifices could get very costly especially due to the amount of animals which were killed yearly

Question 36

what are the 6 variants of apollo which are mentioned in sources from erchia?

Answer 36

Apotropaios (averter of evil)
Delphinios (of delphi)
Lykeios (of wolves)
Nymphegetes (leader of the nymphs)
Paion (healer)
Pythios (the pythian- again referring to delphi)

Question 37

what were the 3 local heroes that were worshipped in erchia?

Answer 37

Heroes Epops, leucaspis and menedeius.

Question 38

what did erchia priests also have to do?

Answer 38

represent the deme at festivals that took place in athens- we know this is true because we have evidence that erchia offered sacrifices to Athene polias at the acropolis

Question 39

Why did the deme of Erchia particularly worship Demeter at a festival such as Proerosia?

Answer 39

Because Erchia was in the countryside, they would worship demeter, goddess of fertility and agriculture. ‘Proerosia’ meaning ‘pre-ploughing festival’.

Question 40

who could participate in polis religious participation?

Answer 40

everyone apart from women, slaves and non citizens

Question 41

Who paid for and organised Polis wide religious participation?

Answer 41

paid for by state funds and organised by state officials- the city funded temples, sacrifices, festivals and dedications

Question 42

what were the purposes for polis religious participation beyond just honouring the gods?

Answer 42

It was also to draw the community together and create a sense of patriotism and civic pride

Question 43

who was worshipped at the delphi panhellenic sanctuary?

Answer 43

pythian apollo (meaning the apollo that slew the pytho- a mythical snake)

Question 44

what panhellenic games were held at the delphi sanctuary?

Answer 44

the pythian games

Question 45

what god was worshipped at the olympia panhellenic sanctuary?

Answer 45

olympian zeus (meaning zeus of olympus)

Question 46

what panhellenic games were held at the olympia sanctuary?

Answer 46

the olympian games

Question 47

what god was worshipped at the nemea panhellenic sanctuary?

Answer 47

nemean zeus (meaning zeus of the nemea)

Question 48

what panhellenic games were held at the nemea sanctuary?

Answer 48

the nemean games

Question 49

what god was worshipped at the isthmus panhellenic sanctuary?

Answer 49

isthmian poseidon (meaning poseidon of isthmus)

Question 49

what panhellenic games were held at the isthmus sanctuary?

Answer 49

the ishmian games