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Evolutionary Biology > Lesson 1: Introduction to Evolutionary Biology > Flashcards

Lesson 1: Introduction to Evolutionary Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

The Origin of Species: The Beak of the Finch (Video):
How many species of finches were found in Galapagos Island?

A

13

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1
Q

The Origin of Species: The Beak of the Finch (Video):
What small island did the scientists study?

A

Daphne Major, Galapagos Island

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2
Q

The Origin of Species: The Beak of the Finch (Video):
What finch have a needle-like beak for picking off insects?

A

Warbler finch

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3
Q

The Origin of Species: The Beak of the Finch (Video):

What finch has a bust beak and eat beetle and termite larvae?

A

Woodpecker finch

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4
Q

The Origin of Species: The Beak of the Finch (Video):

What finch has a longer and sharp-pointed beak
and feed on cactus flowers?

A

Cactus finch

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5
Q

The Origin of Species: The Beak of the Finch (Video):

What did they find out about the finches based on the DNA evidence?

A

All of the finches in the island are more related to each other than the mainland.
- Only one species went to the Galapagos and diversified there.
- Species come from one common ancestor

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6
Q

The Origin of Species: The Beak of the Finch (Video):

What happened in the extreme drought in 1978?

A
  • Medium-ground finches compete for scarce food resources
  • Birds with the smallest beaks are vulnerable and over a year they die.
  • The larger the beak the higher the chance of surviving the drought.
  • Their offspring have larger beaks than the last generation.
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7
Q

The Origin of Species: The Beak of the Finch (Video):

What happened in the El Nino in 1983?

A
  • the strong El Nino brought 10 times more rain than normal
  • Larger seeds became scarce.
  • Birds with larger beaks have difficulty finding food.
  • Birds with small beaks survived more and their offspring inherited small beaks.
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8
Q

The Origin of Species: The Beak of the Finch (Video):

How do finches with different beaks become different species?

A
  • Different species, different mating songs.
    –>The same species only responds to songs from the same species
    -Males mate with females with similar sizes and beaks.
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9
Q

The Origin of Species: The Beak of the Finch (Video):

What are the keys to the evolution of the Galapagos finches?

A

Geography and ecology

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10
Q
  • causes AIDS
  • determined in 1989
  • Retrovirus with two single-strand RNA genomes
A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

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11
Q

Two distinct HIVs that infect humans. Which caused the pandemic?

A
  • HIV-1 and HIV-2
  • HIV-1
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12
Q

Both HIVs are __, a group of retroviruses that infect diverse mammals.

A

lentiviruses

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13
Q

HIV: In monkeys and other primates, the viruses are called __, or __.

A
  • simian immunodeficiency viruses
  • SIVs
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14
Q

HIV-2 recently evolved from an SIV carried by __

A

sooty mangabey (Cercopithecus atys)

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15
Q

HIV-1 evolved from SIVcpz, the virus that infects __

A

wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

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16
Q

Causes of Antimicrobial (Drug) Resistance: Natural (Biological) Causes

A
  • genetic mutation
  • gene transfer
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17
Q

flow of genetic mutation

A

non-resistant bacteria exist
–> bacteria multiply by the billions (a few of these bacteria will mutate)
–> some mutations make the bacterium drug resistant (they survive in the presence of drugs)
–> drug resistant bacteria multiply and thrive.

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18
Q

flow of gene transfer

A

resistant and non-resistant bacteria exist
–> bacterium multiply by the billions (drug-resistant bacteria may transfer a copy of its genes to other bacteria)
–> non-resistant bacteria receives new DNA
–>drug resistant bacteria multiply and thrive.

19
Q

Evolutionary biology is concerned with explaining and understanding the diversity of living things and their characteristics. What questions does it answer?

A
  • What has been the history that produced this diversity?
  • What have been the causes of this history?
20
Q

Extends and amplifies the explanation of biological phenomena

A

Evolutionary biology

21
Q

Evolutionary biology complement __ (immediate, mechanical causes) of biological phenomena with the __ of those phenomena (their historical causes, especially the action of natural selection).

A
  • proximate causes
  • ultimate causes
22
Q

Quote of Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975)

A

“Nothing in Biology Makes Sense except in the light of Evolution”

23
Q

evolution is the increase in fitness over time due to __, or __

A
  • natural selection
  • adaptation
24
Q

evolution is the accumulation of __, which alter fitness over time

A

mutations

25
Q

evolution is the change in __ (or the heritable expression of those alleles) in a __ across generations

A
  • allele frequencies
  • population
26
Q

evolution is the progression into more __ forms of life

A

complex

27
Q

evolution is the change in __ of genetically different individuals at each generation

A

proportions

28
Q

evolution is leading to an average change in characteristics of populations over time → change in allele frequencies (__) or the heritable change in the expression of those alleles (__)

A
  • genetic composition
  • epigenetic inheritance
29
Q

evolution is the acts by removing individuals from the population, or by allowing some to __

A

leave more offspring

30
Q

Although, even if allele frequencies in a population remain the same across generations, a population is evolving if it goes out of __ → __ should follow HW expectations, given the allele frequencies.

A
  • Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
  • genotype frequencies
31
Q

5 major mechanisms of evolution

A
  1. genetic drift
  2. mutation
  3. Heritable Epigenetic Modification
  4. Migration
  5. Natural Selection
32
Q

totally random changes in allele frequency from generation to generation

A

genetic drift

33
Q

changes in the genetic code, such as errors in DNA replication, gene deletions or duplications, etc.

A

mutations

34
Q

heritable changes that are not due to changes in the DNA sequence itself, but the expression of the DNA, such as changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications, etc.

> > changes “epi-alleles” not the genetic code (actual alleles)

A

Epigenetic Inheritance

35
Q

alleles moving from one population to another

A

gene flow

36
Q

when some alleles favored over others due to an increase in fitness (not random); acts on genetic variation in the population

A

natural selection

37
Q

Sources of Genetic Variation

A
  • Mutation generates genetic variation
  • Epigenetic Inheritance changes expression of genes
  • Genetic Drift reduces genetic variation
38
Q

__ acts on genetic or epigenetic variation in a population.
Without genetic or epigenetic variation, this* cannot occur

A

Natural selection

39
Q

Some aspects of biology where evolutionary concepts permeate

A

Biotechnology
Agriculture
Medicine
Conservation

40
Q

Many of our food is a product of intense __or __.

A
  • artificial selection
  • human-induced evolution
41
Q

Modified genetics of wild cabbage:
Selection for terminal buds

A

Cabbage

42
Q

Modified genetics of wild cabbage:
Selection for lateral buds

A

Brussels sprouts

43
Q

Modified genetics of wild cabbage:
Selection for stem

A

Kohlrabi

44
Q

Modified genetics of wild cabbage:
Selection for leaves

A

Kale

45
Q

Modified genetics of wild cabbage:
Selection for stems and flowers

A

Broccoli

46
Q

Modified genetics of wild cabbage:
Selection for flower clusters

A

Cauliflower

Evolutionary Biology (15 decks)

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