Lesson 1: Evolution of HIV Flashcards
One of the fastest evolving organism on earth
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
HIV infects what
- macrophage
- T cell
among the deadliest epidemics in human history
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
In 2019, WHO estimated that
__ million have died
~__ million have been infected
~__ million people currently living with AIDS
- 32.7
- 75.7
- 38
Body fluids that transmits HIV
- blood
- semen (cum)
- vaginal fluids
- breast milk
- pre-seminal fluid
- rectal fluids
Mode of Transmission:
Certain body fluids must come in contact with a __ or __ or be directly __ into the bloodstream (from a needle or syringe) for transmission to occur.
- mucous membrane
- damaged tissue
- injected
Mucous membranes are found inside the __, __, __, and __.
- rectum
- vagina
- penis
- mouth
Mode of transmission: High Risk
- Male-male sex
- Male-female sex
- sex work
- Pregnant woman (mother-to-child)
- Injection Drug use (sharing of injected needles)
Mode of Transmission: Little/No Risk
- Oral Sex, Biting, Spitting
- Food Contamination
- Deep, Open-Mouth Kissing
- Touching Tattoos
- Body Piercing
- Medical Care
any of a family of RNA viruses that have an enzyme (reverse transcriptase) capable of making a complementary DNA copy of the viral RNA, which then is integrated into a host cell’s DNA.
Retrovirus
HIV is a retrovirus with two single-strand __
RNA genomes
HIV uses the enzyme __ to replicate RNA → DNA
reverse transcriptase
HIV has an __ to incorporate its genome into the host genome
integrase
HIV Life Cycle:
1. As it comes up to the surface of helper T cell, it uses the __.
2. It binds to the envelope’s (HIV) proteins resulting in a __ that allows a second receptor, __ to grab hold of the envelope.
3. The stalk of the envelope proteins pierces through the bottom to start drawing the helper T cell’s and viral __ together. This results in the __.
- CD4 receptors
- conformational change
- Chemokine coreceptor (CCR5)
- membranes
- fusion of two membranes
HIV Life Cycle:
4. The viral __ is injected essentially into the helper T cell.
5. The __ is left at the cell’s surface
6. The virus has a __ and a __ which are essentially __ into the cell when it enters the cell, releasing the viral enzymes and viral RNA
7. Reverse transcriptase takes the __, using __, and converts that viral RNA into a single-stranded DNA. Both RNA strands
8. It makes __ and has a __–a characteristic of RT
- genetic material
- envelope protein
- matrix; capsid; digested
- viral RNA
- host nucleotides
- random errors
- poor proofreading ability
HIV Life Cycle
9. The __ grabs the double-stranded DNA and carries it through the __.
10. It finds its __ inside the nucleus. It makes a nick in the host DNA and allows HIV to insert itself into the host chromosome.
11. The __ makes __ and this encodes different viral proteins. It is associated with ribosomes on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
12. The __ makes an envelope protein, which is directly produced into the endoplasmic reticulum. It is then taken to the __ and embedded into the __.
- integrase; nuclear pore
- host chromosome
- RNA Polymerase; mRNA
- mRNA; cell’s surface; cellular membrane
HIV Life Cycle:
13. Other __ also translate to other viral proteins (ex. Multi-protein chain). It is also transported to where the envelopes are and a strand of RNA, as well as some of the enzymes, are part of that complex.
14. That complex __ at the cell surface. It’s still not a mature virion because the __ needs to still be digested into its parts by an enzyme __ that allows them to coalesce and form the mature structures that make up the final infectious virion.
- mRNAs
- buds off
- polyproteins chain
- protease
Host Immune System vs HIV:
(a) __ capture the virus and present bits of its proteins to __. Once activated, these naive cells divide to produce __.
- Dendritic cells
- naive helper T cells
- effector helper T cells
