Lesson 1 INTRODUCTION

Question 1

The study of the parasites of man and their medical consequences

Answer 1

Medical Parasitology

Question 2

Para=
Sitos=

Answer 2

Beside
Food

Question 3

First three have been incorporated into the disipline of microbiology that consist of:

Answer 3

Protozoa
Helminths
Arthropods

Question 4

Why do we need to study Parasitology

Answer 4

Parasitic infections of various types have threatened human health in many ways

Question 5

Medical Protozoology

Answer 5

Phylum sarcomastigophora
Phylum apicomplexa
Phylum microsporodia
Phylum ciliophora

Question 6

Medical helminthology

Answer 6

Class nematoda
Class cestoda
Class trematoda

Question 7

Medical arthropodology

Answer 7

Class insecta
Class arachnida
Class crustacea
Class chilopoda

Question 8

Six major tropical disease in which WHO pays great atttention

Answer 8

Malaria
Schistosomiasis
Filariasis
Leishmaniasis
Trypanosomiasis
Leprosy

Question 9

Any association more or less permanent called a symbiosis, with each member a symbiont

Answer 9

Symbiosis

Question 10

3 types of symbiosis

Answer 10

Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

Question 11

• Permanent association between two different organisms that life apart is impossible,
• Two partners benefit each other,
• The mutuals are metabolically dependent on one another;
• One cannot survive in the absence of the other.

Answer 11

Mutualism

Question 12

• Association of two different organisms
• One partner is benefited while the other neither benefited nor injured, such as E.
  Coli and man.

Answer 12

Commensalism

Question 13

• Association of two different organisms
• One partner is benefited while the other is injured, such as ascaris lumbricoides and man.

Answer 13

Parasitism

Question 14

Lives inside the body of the host
* May be just under the surface or deep in the body– Tapeworms, flukes, protozoans

Answer 14

Endoparasite

Question 15

Stays on outside surface of the host– leeches, ticks, fleas, brood parasite

Answer 15

Ectoparasite

Question 16

Requires finding and invading the host to
complete its life cycle

Answer 16

Obligate Parasite

Question 17

May become parasitic if it is given the chance
but does not require a host.

Answer 17

Facultative parasite

Question 18

– Lives entire adult life stage on or in a host– Usually endoparasites

Answer 18

Permanent Parasite

Question 19

– Spends only a short time on a host
– Usually ectoparasites

Answer 19

Temporary Parasite

Question 20

– Those with direct life cycles (i.e., with one host).

Answer 20

Monoxenous parasite

Question 21

Those with inderect life cycles requiring an intermediate host
(i.e., involves 2 or more hosts)

Answer 21

Heteroxenous parasite

Question 22

One with alteration of generations e.g., Coccidial parasites and
Strongyloides

Answer 22

Heterogenetic parasite

Question 23

Those with a broad host range.

Answer 23

Euryxenous parasite

Question 24

Those with a narrow host range;

Answer 24

Stenoxenous parasite

Question 25

– Found in locations in the host where they normally do not occur; – e.g., Ascaris larvae may migrate to the brain

Answer 25

Aberrant parasite

Question 26

Occurs in hosts where it does not normally occur; – e.g., Fasciola normally does not occur in man but is incidental if found in man’s liver

Answer 26

Incidental parasite

Question 27

What are the two types of host

Answer 27

Definitive host Intermediate host

Question 28

* Where sexual reproduction takes place. * Normally where the adult parasites live. * Normally the larger of the hosts, usually a vertebrate. * Specificity - frequently, a large number of host species can act as intermediate host and only one or a few can act as a definitive host

Answer 28

Definitive Host

Question 29

– sexually immature or larval stage of a parasite– Asexual multiplication takes place– may harbor many immature stages of a parasite;– e.g., Cercaria, Redia and Sporocysts which are all immature stages of Fasciola in the snail intermediate host. * Some parasites:– require more than one intermediate host which are then designated as first, second intermediate

Answer 29

Intermediate Host

Question 30

– No development occurs but parasite remains alive and infective to another host– May go dormant– May cause damage – e.g., Toxoplasm species in cattle

Answer 30

Paratenic or Transport host

Question 31

– Parasite is in the “wrong” species.– Parasite usually wanders around and causes great damage because it doesn’t know where to go then dies

Answer 31

Accidental or Incidental Host

Question 32

– Any animal that carries a parasite that can cause infections in humans. * Even if it is the normal host for that parasite. – Related to the medical perspective of parasitology

Answer 32

Reservoir Host

Question 33

– A person who harbors parasites has no any clinical symptom. He is an important source of infection in epidemiology – e.g. human beings harboring cyst form of E.histolytica

Answer 33

Carrier Host

Question 34

an organism (usually an arthropod) which transfers infective forms of a parasite from one host to the other.

Answer 34

Vector

Question 35

What are the two types of Vectors

Answer 35

Biological Mechanical

Question 36

- characterized by the development of the parasite before its transfer to another host

Answer 36

Biological Vector

Question 37

– no parasitic development of reproduction occurs

Answer 37

Mechanical Vector

Question 38

it is a stage when a parasite can invade human body and continue to live there. The infective stage of ascarid is the embryonate egg

Answer 38

Infective Stage

Question 39

means how the parasite invades human body, such as the cercariae of the blood fluke actively penetrate the skin of a swimming man and the infective ascaris eggs are swallowed by man.

Answer 39

Infective Mode

Question 40

refers to the helminths which complete their life cycles not requiring the processes of the development in intermediate hosts.

Answer 40

Geohelminth

Question 41

refers to the helminths which have to undergo the development in intermediate hosts to complete their life cycles, such as filaria, liver fluke, pork tapeworm and so on.

Answer 41

Biohelminth

Question 42

is a living stage of protozoa when they can move, take food and reproduce. (It is usually the pathogenic stage.)

Answer 42

Trophozoite Stage

Question 43

is the resting stage of a protozoa with a protective wall. It is usually the infective stage. Its functions are protection, transmission and multiplication.

Answer 43

Cyst

Question 44

Three key links of parasitic disease transmission

Answer 44

Source Of Infection Mode Of Infection Susceptible People

Question 45

What are 3 source of exposure

Answer 45

Infected Persons carriers Animals

Question 46

only one host is required to complete its cycle

Answer 46

Simple or direct life cycle

Question 47

requires 2 or more hosts (a vector or intermediate host ) to reproduce or grow in

Answer 47

Indirect or heteroxenous life cycle

Question 48

Why study life cycle?

Answer 48

-Control -Treatment -Epidemiology -Fundamental -Research

Question 49

Kingdom Protista

Answer 49

Phylum Protozoa

Question 50

Kingdom Animalia

Answer 50

-Phylum Platyhelminthes -Phylum Acanthocephala -Phylum Nemathelminthes -Phylum Athropoda