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Clinical Chem > LESSON 1: INTRO > Flashcards

LESSON 1: INTRO Flashcards

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1
Q

“Clinical” was derived from the greek word

A

kline

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2
Q

Clinical from the greek word kline meaning

A

bed

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3
Q

The Greeks noticed before 400 BC that ants are attracted to

A

“sweet urine.”

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4
Q

Greeks noticed before____ that ants are attracted to “sweet urine.”

A

400 BC

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5
Q

the famous Dublin physician that emphasized the clinical observation of patients and which significantly advanced the fields of physical diagnosis.

A

Robert James Graves

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6
Q

The term clinical chemistry was stated by _____ (1842–1896) of London Hospital when he used it as the title of his 1883 treatise

A

Charles Henry Ralfe

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7
Q

The first laboratory attached to a hospital was established in the year ____ at _____

A

1886 in Munich, Germany

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8
Q

The first laboratory attached to a hospital was established in 1886 in Munich, Germany, by _____

A

Hugo Wilhelm von Ziemssen.

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9
Q

In the United States, the first clinical laboratory was reported to be ___

A

The William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine

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10
Q

The William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, established in what year

A

1895

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11
Q

The William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine was established in 1895 at _____ in Philidelphia

A

the University of Pennsylvania

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12
Q
  • branch of laboratory medicine that focuses primarily on molecules.
A

Clinical chemistry

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13
Q

The tests we are performing in the clinical chemistry laboratory measures the concentration of

A
  1. biologically important ions (salts and minerals),
  2. small organic molecules and
  3. large macromolecules (primarily proteins).
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14
Q

building blocks of protein

A

amino acid

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15
Q

Clinical chemistry is a quantitative science that is concerned with measurement of amounts of biologically important substances called ____

A

analytes

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16
Q
  • chemical constituents being identified and measured in clinical chemistry
A

analytes

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17
Q

The results of clinical chemistry tests are compared to reference intervals or a ______ to provide diagnostic and clinical meaning for the values.

A

medical decision level (MDL)

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18
Q

are translational researchers who are equipped for and capable of developing, evaluating, and validating biochemical and genetic assays for clinical use; they develop skills that are essential for new biomarker assays, reagent kits, and companion diagnostics.

A

Clinical chemists

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19
Q

provide interfaces between researchers, clinicians, the clinical laboratory, and the IVD industry (in-vitro diagnostics) and help to translate biomarker research into clinically meaningful decisions and actions.

A

Clinical chemists

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20
Q

Substances typically measured in serum are classified as:

A

a. Normally present with a function in circulation
b. Metabolites
c. Substances released from cells as a result of cell damage and abnormal permeability or abnormal cellular proliferation
d. Drugs and toxic substances

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21
Q

2 parts of the result

A

1.Number
2.unit

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22
Q

(actual value) – describes the numeric value

A

Number

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23
Q

defines the physical quantity or dimension such as length, time or volume.

A

unit

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24
Q

Complete metric system of unit measurement for scientist

A

SI - Systeme International d’ Unites adopted in 1960

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25
Q

SI classification:

A
  1. Basic
  2. Supplemental
  3. Derived
  4. Traditional units
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26
Q

ex. length(meter), mass(kgs), time(seconds), Electric current(ampere), Thermodynamic temperature(kelvin), Amt of substance(mole) luminous intensity(candela)

A

Basic

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27
Q

units that have not been classified as either basic or derived.
Ex. Minute, hour, liter, angstrom

A

Supplemental

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28
Q

related mathematically to the basic supplement unit
Ex. meters per second/ (m/s), frequency(hertz), force(newton), celcius (degress celcius), catalytst activity(katal)

A

Derived

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29
Q

not listed as basic SI units

A

Traditional units

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30
Q

QUANTITATIVE LAB RESULTS:

A
  1. Substance conc. Ex. Moles
  2. Mass of substance Ex. mg/dl, g/dl, mEq/l and IU.
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31
Q

set of values of a measured quantity obtained from a group of individuals (or a single individual) in a defined stated of health.

A

Reference values

32
Q

*values expected for a healthy person

A

Reference values

33
Q

the best available method for establishing the presence or absence of the target condition (the suspected condition or disease for which the test is to be applied). It can be a single test, or a combination of methods and techniques, including clinical follow-up of tested patients.

A

Reference Standard

34
Q

test of interest/one test

A

Index Test

35
Q

Group Reference values:

A
  1. Age
  2. Sex
  3. Pregnancy
36
Q

Increased: serum bilirubin,mildly inc. GGT, GH, fetal Hgb, AFP and BUN values.
Decreased: serum carotene, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and cholesterol

A

Newborns until the 1st week of life

37
Q

dramatic inc. in total WBC, and very low serum conc. of IgM and IgA.

A

Healthy Newborns

38
Q

higher ALP, inorg PO4, LDH but lower serum cholesterol, creatinine, uric acid and total CHON values.

A

Pre-pubescent pediatric patient

39
Q

higher serum values for ALP, cholesterol and PO4 Uric Acid.

A

Menopausal women

40
Q

MEN, higher values for

A

Hgb, BUN, creatinine and uric acid

41
Q
  • Increase pro-coagulant and fibrinolytic factors, ALP
  • Increase AST, LDH, cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid.
  • Low Hgb, serum albumin, BUN, calcium, glucose and protein.
A

Pregnancy

42
Q

all necessary reagents and respective storage containers are prepackaged as a unit

A

Kit

43
Q
  • specifications for analytical reagent-grade chemicals.
  • one the world’s largest scientific societies and premier home of chemistry proffesionals
A

American Chemical Society (ACS)

44
Q

Grades of purity of chemicals:

A
  1. Analytical reagent (AR)
  2. Ultrapure (UP)
    3.Chemically pure (CP)
    4.United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
    5.National Formulary (NF)
    6.Technical or commercial grade
45
Q

labels on these reagents either state the actual impurities for each chemical lot or the list maximum allowable impurities

A

Analytical reagent (AR)

46
Q

label should reveal the percentage of impurities present and have either the initials “AR” or “ACS” or the term for laboratory use. (meet the specifications of ACS)

A

Analytical reagent (AR)

47
Q

Suitable for use in most analytical laboratory. Procedures.

A

Analytical reagent (AR)

48
Q

use in specific procedures such as chromatography, atomic absorption, fluorometry, immunoassays, molecular diagnostics, HPLC, standardization or other techniques that require pure chemicals.

A

Ultrapure (UP)

49
Q
  • Melting point analysis used to ascertain the acceptable purity range.
  • Impurity limitations are not stated
  • Preparation is not uniform
A

Chemically pure (CP)

50
Q

(Grades of purity of chemicals:) Not recommended for clinical laboratories.

A

Chemically pure (CP)

51
Q

-organization that sets the potency and purity of chemicals in order for them to considered pharmaceutical grade.
-use of manufactured drugs

A

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

52
Q

-chemicals may be pure enough for use in most chemical procedures but consider that their purity standards are not based on the needs of the laboratory and therefore, they may or may not meet all assay requirements

A

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

53
Q

same as USP

A

National Formulary (NF)

54
Q

requires all manufacturers to clearly indicate the lot number plus the hazard and precaution needed for the safe use and storage of any chemical

A

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)

55
Q

is a document that contains information on the potential hazards (health, fire, reactivity and environmental) and how to work safely with the chemical product.

A

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

56
Q

is chemical reagent which has certain properties such as,
-Extremely pure
-Highly stable
-anhydrous
-Very high mol weight
-can be weighed
-easily readily available
-preferably non toxic
-should not be expensive

A

Primary Standard

57
Q

purity tolerances for primary standards =

A

100 +/- 0.02% (*99.98%)

58
Q

Uses of primary standard

A

-used to standardize volumetric solution
-used for standardization of titration solutions
-used for calibration of secondary standards
-used as reference to determine unknown concentrations or to calibrate analytical instruments.

59
Q

is a solution in which the concentration of dissolved solute has been determined by reaction(titration) with primary standard solution.

A

Secondary Standard

60
Q

Secondary Standard Uses

A

-used to standardize volumetric solutions
-used for standardization of titration solutions
-used for calibration of secondary standards
-used as reference to determine unknown concentrations or to calibrate analytical instrument

61
Q

most frequent reagent used in the laboratory.

A

water

62
Q

– used to remove particulate matter before any additional treatments

A

Prefiltration

63
Q

filtration cartridges are composed of

A

glass, cotton, activated charcoal (removes organic materials and chlorine), and submicron filters (0.2mm)

64
Q

Water Classification in terms of preparation:

A

Distilled water
Deionized water
RO water
Ultra Oxidation

65
Q
  • water purified by distillation
  • purified to remove almost all organic materials .
    -water is boiled , vaporized and condensed to purify or concentrate a substance
  • distillation of water can be more than once.
A

Distilled water

66
Q

-water purified by ion exchange to produce mineral free deionized water.
-removes some or almost all ions

A

Deionized water

67
Q

-it is neither pure nor sterile
- purified from previously pre-filtered or distilled water
-produced using either an anion or a cation exchange resin

A

Deionized water

68
Q

-water purified by reverse osmosis, water is forced through a semipermeable membrane that acts as a molecular filter.

A

RO water

69
Q

removes more than 90-99.99% of all the contaminants including minerals from the drinking water supply

A

RO water

70
Q

use of UV radiation at the biocidal wavelength of 254 nm eliminates many bacteria and cleaves many ionizing organics that are then removed by deionization..

A

Ultra Oxidation

71
Q

used in clinical chemistry, the purest type of water

A

Type I

72
Q
  • Generally suitable for routine lab use
    -Should be used immediately
A

Type I

73
Q

-Used for test methods requiring minimum interference and maximum accuracy and precision such as trace metals, ion and enzyme analysis. ( use w/ HPLC) High Performance Liquid Chromatography, and is a technique used to separate different constituents of a compound or mixture using high pressure to push solvents.

A

Type I

74
Q

acceptable for general lab testing and most analytic requirements including reagent, quality control and standard preparation. Also known as general laboratory grade water

A

Type II

75
Q

acceptable for glassware washing but not for analysis or reagent preparation

A

Type III /autoclave wash water

Clinical Chem (4 decks)

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