CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards
are widely distributed in plant tissues and are also found in animal tissues like liver and muscles
-Carbohydrates
-primary/most important source of energy in the form of glycogen or from the diet.
-Carbohydrates
-stored form of glucose, made up of many connected glucose molecules
Glycogen
your bodys main source of energy. It comes from carbohydrates (a macronutrient) in
certain foods and fluids you consume.
-Glucose
most common non-reducing sugar
sucrose-
method of representing the three-dimensional structures of molecules on
a page
Fisher Projection-
is a short form of dextrorotatory glucose. It is one of the two stereo isomers of
glucose, and is the one that is biologically active. It occurs in plants as a product of
photosynthesis.
D-glucose
is less biologically active and less common. In higher forms of organisms, is not produced naturally.
L-glucose
a convenient notation for showing the structure of sugars.
- cyclic structure of monosaccharides
Haworth Projection
Classification Carbohydrates
1.Monosaccharides or simple sugars
2. Disaccharides
3.Polysaccharides
Sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form, Sugar that contains 3, 4, 5, 6 carbon atoms
1.Monosaccharides or simple sugars
Monosaccharides or simple sugars examples
fructose, glucose, galactose
Formed by interaction of two monosaccharides
Disaccharides
glucose + glucose
Maltose
glucose + galactose
Lactose
glucose + fructose
Sucrose
Linkage of many monosaccharide units
Include starch, glycogen and cellulose
Polysaccharides
Primary hormone responsible for decreasing blood glucose
INSULIN
Primary hormone responsible increasing blood glucose
GLUCAGON
___ in the pancreas regulates glycemia,
Islets of Langerhans
adrenaline, is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone. It plays an important role in your bodys “fight-or-flight” response. It's also used as a medication to treat many life-threatening
conditions.
EPINEPRHINE
stress hormone, increased when you are stress out. (balanced)
CORTISOL-
the major endocrine gland, the “master gland” A pea-sized body attached to the base of the brain,
pituitary gland
Produced by the anterior pituitary gland; governs our height, bone length and muscle growth.
GROWTH HORMONE-
stimulate the adrenal glands to release cortisol.
ACTH –Adrenocorticotropic hormone-
occurs when a pituitary adenoma, a noncancerous (benign) tumor on pituitary gland,
makes too much adrenocorticotropic hormone
Cushing disease
occurs as a part of stress response in acute illnesses and is brought
about by elevated levels of counter regulatory hormones.
Transient Hyperglycemia
In ____ disease, the adrenal gland is damaged, and not enough cortisol and aldosterone are
produced
Addison’s disease
-regulates sodium homeostasis.
Aldosterone
-occurs as a part of stress response in acute illnesses and is brought
about by elevated levels of counter regulatory hormones. healthy infants experience this as a part of the normal adaption to
extrauterine life,
Transient Hypoglycemia
glucose being broken down into pyruvate and takes place in the cytoplasm. This is considered the first step in aerobic and anaerobic respiration and is significant in providing energy to cells.
Glycolysis
s described as the reverse of glycolysis. Its mechanism revolves around generating glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like amnino acids, glycerol and lactate.
Gluconeogenesis
the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose, which is then used by the body for energy.
Glycogenolysis
the process of converting glucose into glycogen, a primary carbohydrate stored in the body’s liver and muscles
Glycogenesis
a metabolic process that converts fatty acids and glycerol into fats, or acetyl-CoA into triglycerides, for storage in fat
Lipogenesis
a metabolic process that breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
Lipolysis
