Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Chem > ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES > Flashcards

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

-a method of studying and
measuring a specific spectrum, it is widely
used for the spectroscopic analysis of
sample materials.

A

Spectrometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

-Measures the light transmitted by a solution to
determine the concentration of the substance in the
solution

A

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

measure how much a chemical substance absorbs
light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light
passes through sample solution.

A

.SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

-solution has an ability to absorb and transmit light,
and only ___ can be measured.

A

transmitted light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

defined as the proportion of incident light
that is transmitted and is usually expressed as a percentage

A

Transmittance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Transmittance formula

A

%T = I/Io x 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

is the critical measure used in the
calculation of concentration.

A

absorbance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Absorbance is calculated as follows:

A

A= 2-log%T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Instruments that measure transmitted light energy of a
solution by reading its absorbance in a meter.

A

Optical Instruments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Spectrophotometry takes advantage of the property of ___
solutions to absorb light of specific wavelength

A

colored solutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

is a form of electromagnetic energy
Transmitted via electromagnetic waves

A

Light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Waves is measured in ____ between the peaks and
valleys *(wavelength).

A

nanometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

*The ____ the wavelength, the ____ the
electromagnetic energy.

A

shorter. higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

These are radiant energy from short wavelength gamma
rays to long wavelength radiowaves.

A

ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

basic unit of ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY

A

photons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

photons are also known as

A

light quantum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

is a minute energy packet of
electromagnetic radiation ,discrete energy packets

A

photons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of Electromagnetic energies:

A

a. Cosmic rays
b. Gamma rays
c. X–rays
d. Visible rays
e. Ultra–Violet (UV)
f. Infrared
g. Radio, TV, Microwaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

THIS LAW STATES THAT: The concentration of a substance is
Directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed
Inversely proportional to the amount of transmitted light

A

Beer’s Law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

states that a chemical solution's concentration is
directly proportional to its light absorption.

A

Beer’s Law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

To convert a value from percent transmittance (%T)
to absorbance, use the following
equation:

A

Absorbance= 2 - log(%T).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

wave like properties,
discrete packets of energy traveling in waves.

A

a.Photons / light particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the linear distance between
successive wave peaks and measured in units of
nanometers (10 -9 )m)

A

Wavelenghts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

number of wave peaks per
given unit of time

A

frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

–height of the peak

A

Amplitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

shortest wavelength.

A

microwaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

interactions of light with matter occur
when a photon intercepts an atom,ion or molecule.

A

Excitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Components of a spectrophotometer

A

1.)Light Source
2.)Entrance Slit
3.)Monochromator
4.)Exit Slit
5.)Sample cell
6.)Photodetector
7.) read out device

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

-Provide incident light /radiant energy for the system

A

Light Source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Light Source - typical source in most spectrophotometers.
-.For visible and near infrared region
spectrum (320 to 700nm)

A

incandescent Tungsten or Tungsten iodide lamp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Light Source -For UV spectrum (below 350nm)

A

Deuterium-discharge lamp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

-exclude unwanted or stray light

A

Entrance Slit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Isolates specific wavelength of interest from the light source

A

Monochromator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

-controls the width of the light beam

A

Exit Slit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

-Also known as cuvette or analytical cell

A

Sample cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

-Converts transmitted radiant energy into an
equivalent amount of electrical energy.

A

Photodetector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

it is the simplest types of absorption spectrometer, it is
designed to make one measurement at a time at one specified
wavelength

A

Single beam spectrophotomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

It is an instrument that splits the monochromatic light into two
components. One beam passes through the sample, and the
other through a reference black solution

A

Double-beam spectrometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

TYPES OF spectrophotomer

A

a. Single beam spectrophotomer
b. Double-beam spectrometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Measures light emitted by excited atoms
used to measure sodium, potassium and lithium because
they are easy to excite

A

Flame Emission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

is used in clinical chemistry for the
determination of electrolytes

A

Flame photometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

-It measures the light emitted by a single atom burned in a
flame

A

Flame photometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The following electrolytes produces the following colors:
1. Sodium –
2. Potassium –
3. Lithium –
4. Magnesium –
5. Calcium

A
  1. Sodium – yellow
  2. Potassium – violet
  3. Lithium – red
  4. Magnesium – blue
  5. Calcium – red
44
Q

Principle: excitation of electrons from lower to higher
energy state

A

Flame Emission

45
Q

Flame Emission- Flame using ___ is used to excite the
atoms (higher energy state)

A

propane

46
Q

Components of FES

A

A. Nebulizer (atomizer)
B. Burner
C. Monochromator system
D. Photosensitive detector (photomultiplier
tube)

47
Q

Deliver a fine spray of sample
containing the metallic ion to the burner.

A

Nebulizer (atomizer)

48
Q

A fuel gas (propane) with an oxidizing agent (compressed air) burned to produce the flame.

A

Burner

49
Q

-Allow only emitted line spectrum of specific element
to strike the PMT.

A

Monochromator system

50
Q

Measures light absorbed by ground state atoms

A

Atomic Absorption

51
Q

Measures concentration through the detection of
absorbance of electromagnetic radiation by atoms
instead of molecules.

A

Atomic Absorption

52
Q

**100 times more sensitive than FES

A

Atomic Absorption

53
Q

Light Source AAS

A

Hallow cathode lamp

54
Q

measure the concentrations of
solution that contain fluorescing
molecules

A

Fluorometer

55
Q

Photometric measurement of light emitted
by a substance that has been previously
excited by a source of UV light,

A

FLOUROMETRY

56
Q

*It is more sensitive than fluorometry

A

CHEMILUMINESCENCE

57
Q

-In this method, no excitation radiation is required and no monochromator are needed because it
arises from one specie.

A

CHEMILUMINESCENCE

58
Q

-For measuring abundant large particles and bacterial
suspensions

A

Turbidimetry

59
Q

In coagulation
analyzers, turbidimetric measurements detect clot formation in the sample curvets.

A

Turbidimetry

60
Q

Turbidimetric assays
have long been available in clinical chemistry to
quantify protein concentration in biologic fluids, such
as

A

urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

61
Q

Measures the amount of light blocked (absorbance) by
suspension of particles

A

Turbidimetry

62
Q

It is essentially a measurement of blocked light and the amount of
blocked light is directly proportional to the number of
particles in a solution.

A

Turbidimetry

63
Q

determines the amount of light
scattered by the small particles or colloids in the sample cuvet.
-For measuring the amount of antigen-antibody complexes

A

Nephelometry

64
Q

Principle: Light scattered by the small particles is measured at an
angle (forward or 90 degrees) to the incident light.

A

Nephelometry

65
Q

Dependent on particle size and concentration

A

Turbidimetry

66
Q

Dependent on wavelength and particle size.

A

Nephelometry

67
Q

Migration of charge particles in an electric field. Separate proteins on the basis of their electric charge
densities

A

ELECTROPHORESIS

68
Q

definition: The process of separating the charged
constituents of a sample by means of an electrical current.

A

ELECTROPHORESIS

69
Q

it is a method used to separate, detect
and identify one or more proteins in a complex mixture.

A

Western Blotting –

70
Q

-Migration of small ions, produced by electromigration causes the
movement of the charged ions due to low electric potential.

A

1.Iontophoresis

71
Q

-Migration of charged macromolecules in a porous
support (paper. Cellulose acetate or agarose gel)
used for separating charged particles such as nucleic acids,
proteins, and biopolymers.

A

Zone electrophoresis

72
Q

Result of electrophoresis consisting of separated strands
of a macromolecule

A

Electrophoretogram

73
Q

gel - routinely used for protein analysis

A

Polyacrylamide gel

74
Q

Separation is performed in narrow-bore fuse silica capillaries

A

Capillary electrophoresis

75
Q

Techniques used to separate complex mixtures or
specimen compounds between two mobile and
stationary phase

A

CHROMATOGRAPHY

76
Q

Chromatography Phase - carries the complex mixture

A

Mobile Phase

77
Q

Chromatography Phase - through which mobile
phase flows

A

Stationary phase

78
Q

holds the stationary phase

A

Column

79
Q

separated components Chromatography Phase

A

Eluate

80
Q

Modes of Separation Chromatography

A
  1. Adsorption
    2.Partition
  2. Steric Exclusion
  3. Ion Exchange
81
Q

-Also known as liquid-solid chromatography
-Based on the competition between the sample and
the mobile phase for adsorptive sites on the solid
stationary phase.

A

Adsorption

82
Q

-Stationary phase chromatography

A

Acidic polar (silica gel)
Basic polar (alumina)
Nonpolar (charcoal)

83
Q

Also known as liquid-liquid chromatography

A

Partition

84
Q

Also known as gel filtration, gel permeation, size-
exclusion, molecular exclusion or molecular sieve
chromatography

A

Steric Exclusion

85
Q

-Stationary phase is coated on a sheet of paper or bound
to glass or plastic plate

A

Planar Chromatography

86
Q

Chromatography -The stationary phase is packed into a tube or coated onto
the inner surface of the tube.

A

Column Chromatography

87
Q

is the study of electron
movement in an oxidation or reduction reaction at a
polarized electrode surface.

A

Electrochemistry

88
Q

Anode/cathode system , electrons spontaneously flow from an electrode of high electron affinity to an
electrode of low electron affinity, if the electrodes are connected via

A

SALT BRIDGE.

89
Q

Measures current or voltage (potential) generated by
the activity of specific ions

A

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

90
Q

Blood Gas Instruments ELECTROCHEMISTRY

A

 pH Electrode
 pCO 2 Electrode
 pO 2 Electrode

91
Q

Blood Gas Instruments Measure hydrogen ion activity

A

pH Electrode

92
Q

Blood Gas Instruments pH electrode with a CO 2 -permeable membrane
and bicarbonate buffer.
 Severinghaus electrode

A

pCO 2 Electrode

93
Q

Blood Gas Instruments Measures current flow produced
from loss or gain of electrons.

A

pO 2 Electrode

94
Q

Definitive identification and quantitation of samples
or compounds eluting from GC or HPLC columns.

A

MASS SPECTROMETRY

95
Q

Measuring drugs of abuse in urine.
Measuring low-level and mixed-polarity analytes.
Vitamin D, testosterone and immunosuppressant drugs

A

MASS SPECTROMETRY

96
Q

-measurement of voltage potentials is based on the
measurement of a potential (voltage) difference between two
electrodes immersed in solution under the condition of zero
current electrochemical measurements .

A

POTENTIOMETRIC METHODS

97
Q

potentiometric apparatus used to
measure the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. It
measures the potential difference between one half-cell and a
reference electrode.

A

pH meter

98
Q

half-cell)-sensitive and responds to changes in concentration of a particular ion species in the solution in which the electrode is immersed.
- an electrochemical half-cell that interacts with the analyte of interest.

A

indicator electrode

99
Q

measure a
potential across a membrane specific for a certain analyte.

A

ISE -ion-selective electrode

100
Q

type of ISE

most commonly used for pH measurement.

A

Glass-membrane electrode

101
Q

–measurement of the amount of
electricity passing between two electrodes in an
electrochemical cell.

A

1.Coulometry

102
Q

1.Coulometry the unit of electric charge

A

coulomb (symbol: C)

103
Q

measurement of the
current flowing through an electrical cell when a
potential is applied.

A

Amperometry

104
Q

Measure of solute particles in a solution in terms of
their colligative properties (osmotic pressure, vapor
pressure, boiling point and freezing point).

A

OSMOMETRY

105
Q

number of moles of particle per
kilogram of water and depends only on the number of particles
, not on what types of particles are present.

A

Osmolality

106
Q

solution are related to the
number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent.

A

Colligative Properties

Clinical Chem (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions