Lesson 1: Internal environment & Body's Feedback System Flashcards
is the
science of body structures and the relationships among them.
Anatomy
is the science of body
functions—how the body parts work.
Physiology
This very basic level can be compared to the
letters of the alphabet and includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and
molecules, two or more atoms joined together
Chemical level
Molecules combine to form cells, the basic
structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals.
Cellular level
smallest living units in
the human body
Cells
Tissues are groups of cells and the materials
surrounding them that work together to perform a particular
function, similar to the way words are put together to form
sentences.
Tissue level
covers body surfaces, lines
hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands.
Epithelial tissue
connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing
blood vessels to other tissues
Connective tissue
contracts to make
body parts move and generates heat
Muscular tissue
carries
information from one part of the body to another through nerve
impulses
Nervous tissue
different types of tissues are
joined together.
Organ level
structures that are composed of two
or more diff erent types of tissues; they have specific functions
and usually have recognizable shapes
Organ
A system consists of related organs with a
common function
System level
All the
parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total
organism
Organismal level
any living
individual
Organism
is the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the
body’s internal environment
Homeostasis
dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding
them
Body fluids
Fluid within the cells
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid outside body cells
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
The ECF that fills the narrow
spaces between cells of tissues is known as
Interstitial Fluid
. Because extracellular fluid surrounds the cells of the body, it serves as the body’s ______ ______
Internal environment
_____ ______ of the
body is the space that surrounds the entire body
External environment
The internal environment of the body refers to the extracellular fluid (2)
that surrounds body cells
Interstitial fluid and plasma
Also known as feedback loop, is a cycle of events in which the status of a body
condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated,
and so on.
Feedback system
is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center
Receptor
A pathway, since the information flows toward the control center
Afferent pathway
is in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals
Input
sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should
be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and
generates output commands when they are needed
Control center
from
the control center typically occurs as nerve impulses, or hormones or other chemical signals
Output
A pathway, since the information flows
away from the control center.
Efferent pathway
is a body structure that receives output
from the control center and produces a response or eff ect that
changes the controlled condition
Effector
reverses
a change in a controlled condition
Negative feedback system
pressure-sensitive nerve cells located in the walls of certain blood vessels,
detect the higher pressure.
Baroreceptors
m tends to strengthen or reinforce a change
in one of the body’s controlled conditions
Positive feedback system
