Lesson 1 Infectious Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
are taken by healthcare workers to protect themselves
and patients against exposure to blood and/or body fluid.
A
Standard Precautions
2
Q
. It is done when signs and symptoms are already present.There is
already the presence of infection and the goal is to limit the infection.
A
Control Aspect
3
Q
Microorganisms in exogenous infections are
transmitted between patients
A
a. thru direct contact between patients (
b. in the air
c. via staff engaged in direct patient care
d. via objects contaminated by the patient,the staff’s hands, visitors, or other environmental sources
4
Q
They are caused by the transmission of
microorganisms from another patient or member of staff.
A
Exogenous or cross–infections.
5
Q
the characteristic feature of the disease; specific signs and
symptoms of the disease.
A
Pathognomonic sign
6
Q
two sources of nosocomial infection
A
- Endogenous Infections
- Exogenous or cross–infections.
7
Q
s an infection which is not present during admission
but develops during confinement in the hospital.
A
Hospital Acquired/Nosocomial Infection
8
Q
Role of Nurse in Infection Control:
A
- Preventive aspect
- Control Aspect
9
Q
who is a non–infected person who could get infected
A
Susceptible host
10
Q
in which the person has a close association with an infected person or
animal
A
contact
11
Q
In some circumstances, it will not be feasible to obtain a single room, in which
case patients who are suspected of having the same infectious condition may
be cared for in the same room. I
A
Cohort isolation
12
Q
Principles of CD Nursing
A
- There are various types of organism causing disease
- Organisms can be transmitted from one person to another through direct or
indirect contact. - Concurrent disinfection is essential to destroy organisms coming from fresh
body secretions of infected persons. - There are environmental conditions conducive to production, growth and
multiplication of pathogens. - There are specific incubations periods for the communicability of diseases.
- Isolation procedures should always be practiced.
13
Q
s when aerosolized microbial particles, dust, or
vapor which contains the organism’s remains are suspended in the air for a
prolonged period and spread widely by air current then inhaled.
A
Airborne Transmission.
14
Q
most frequent means of transmission which can
either be direct contact, indirect contact or droplet contact.
A
Contact transmission.
15
Q
time where infectious agents may be
transferred directly from an infected person to another.
A
Period of Communicability.T
16
Q
e separation from the period of communicability of an infected person
to prevent the transfer of infectious agents from an infected person to one who may spread
the disease to others.
A
Isolation
17
Q
direct result of a diagnostic or therapeutic therapy;
improper use of equipment (
A
Iatrogenic Infections
18
Q
the introduction of specific protective antibodies in a
susceptible person or animal, or production of cellular immunity in such person or
animal; the process of rendering the individual immune
A
Immunization
19
Q
Occurrence and Incidence of Infectious Diseases:
A
- Sporadic
- Endemic
- Epidemic
- Pandemic.
20
Q
Antigens (vaccines) toxoids are
administered to the person to stimulate
antibody production
Ex: DPT, Hepa B, TT
Many years: the immunity must be reinforced by
booster inoculation
A
Artificial Active
21
Q
refers to non-infectious human waste such
as sanitary towels and continence wear. These items are disposed of into yellow
and black striped bagsor according to local policy. This type of waste does not
require incineration and can be disposed of inan appropriately licensed
landfill site.
A
Potentially offensive material
22
Q
refers to that pattern of occurrence of a certain disease wherein it is
typically a sudden severe outbreak within a region or a group. There is low number of
immunes and high number of susceptible (e.g. AIDS).
A
Epidemic
23
Q
a term referring to any process that eliminates all transmissible agents
(such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, spore forms, etc.) present on a surface, contained in
a fluid, in medication, or in any compound for that matter.
A
Sterilization
24
Q
Natural Passive duration
A
6 mos.–1 year
25
the time from the introduction of the infectious agent to the
appearance of characteristic manifestations or initial signs and symptoms of the disease.
Incubation Period.
26
client whose normal defenses have been
lowered by serious illness or surgery
Presence of compromised host
27
the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in the body resulting in a
wide array of tissue injury
Infection
28
Antibody are produced by the body in
response to infection
Long
. Active
29
an be defined asany waste which consists
wholly or partly of human or animal tissue, blood or other body fluids,excretions,
drugs or other pharmaceutical products, swabs or dressings, syringes, needles
Healthcare risk waste or clinical waste
30
refers to that pattern of occurrence of a certain disease wherein it is
considered an epidemic that becomes very widespread. There is a low number of
immunes and high number of susceptible (e.g. COVID–19 Novel Virus)
Pandemic
31
–A technique in the prevention of spread of communicable diseases and is
most used in the hospital setting; separation of an infected person during period of
communicability.
Isolation
32
Emerging Problems in Infectious Disease:
1. Increase in the number of microorganisms that are developing resistance to
increasing numbers of available antimicrobials.
2. Increasing number of persons in state of immunosuppression.
3. Persons with serious disease are living longer and are exposed to more aggressive
surgical procedures.
4. The use of indwelling lines and implanted foreign bodies has increased, thus
rendering these patients more susceptible to infections.
33
a result of failure of the body’s defense to protect it from invading
microorganisms
Infection
34
refer to the mechanism by which an infectious
organism such as a protozoan, bacterium or virus alters its surface
proteins in order to evade a host immune response
Antigenic variations
35
general manifestations indicating an impending
illness or attack of a disease.
Prodromal symptoms.
36
A pathological process or event occurring during a disease that is not an
essential part of the disease.
Complication
37
a substance that induces antibody formation
antigen
38
refers to the number of organisms needed to initiate
infection
Infectious dose
39
is the capacity of the causative agent to produce toxins.
Toxigenicity
40
the most important
element in the prevention of infection and as the cornerstone of patient safety
Hand hygiene
41
efers to that pattern of occurrence of a certain disease wherein it is
always present in a certain community however, at low frequencies. There is a low
number of immunes and low number of susceptible. Example is malaria
Endemic
42
It is intended to protect other persons (not the patient) from
infection by limiting the microorganisms to be within the patient
Strict Isolation
43
individual who harbors the organism and can transmit it to a
susceptible host; it does not exhibit manifestations of the disease.
Carrier.
44
Patient's Education:
1. Proper identification of body discharges that are infectious and how to place
them in the proper receptacles for disposal.
2. Proper handwashing technique
3. Areas of the room which are most highly contaminated
4. Different routes of contamination
45
y refers to the ability of an organism to cause disease
Pathogenicity
46
efers to the degree of pathology caused by the organism or
the ability of the microorganism to survive, multiply and induce disease
by overcoming the power of the host.
Virulence
47
This waste
is disposed of into largely into yellow clinical waste bags and is destroyed
byincineration or treated sufficiently to render it safe for landfill; this process
is known as alternativetechnology. ‘Sharps’ are defined as any item capable
of puncturing the skin; these items are disposedof into yellow rigid
containers.
waste that posesa chemical hazard, and medicines and medicinally
contaminated waste that contain pharmaceuticallyactive agents
48
the period wherein manifestation of typical signsor
specific s/s become evident. Pathognomonic signs develop.
acme/period of illness
49
are defined as any item capable
of puncturing the skin; these items are disposedof into yellow rigid
containers.
Sharps
50
refers to the environment where an
infectious agent thrives and multiplies; any person, plant, animal, substance, fomite,
or location that provides nourishment for microorganisms to maintain growth and
multiplication.
Reservoir or source of infectious agent
51
diseases which are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria,
viruses, fungi, or parasites which are passed, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.
It is also possible that humans can become infected following an exposure to an infected animal
that harbors a pathogenic organism that is capable of infecting humans
Infectious diseases
52
Two (2) ways of Isolation:
Strict Isolation
Reverse Isolation
53
Types of human reservoir:
frank, subclinical, carriers,
contact and suspect.
54
Factors that contribute to Hospital Acquired Infection:
1. Iatrogenic Infections
2. Presence of compromised host
3. Insufficient hand washing or disinfecting measure
55
the timefrom the onset of the general signs and
symptoms or non-specific signs and symptoms until the appearance of the specific
signs and symptoms. Infected persons are most infectious and most likely to
spread the infecting organism at this time.
prodromal perio
56
Artificial passive duration
2-3 weeks
57
Moments of Hand Washing
1 Before touching patient
2 Before clean/aseptic procedure
3 After body fluid exposure risk
4 After touching a patient
5 After touching patient surroundings
58
a microbe’s ability to bring about a disease in
an organism
Pathogenicity
59
causative agent is transferred via
contaminated or infected arthropods such as flies, ticks, and others.
d) Vector–borne Transmission.
60
Control Aspects
a. Isolation
b. Quarantine.
c. Patient's Education
d. Sterilization
e. Universal Precautions
61
a pathological condition resulting from a disease.
Sequelae
62
is a disease, which iscontagious,
communicable and infectious.
Diphtheria
63
t is also called Protective Isolation; it is intended to protect
the immunocompromised patient from infection by keeping
microorganisms out of the patient
Reverse Isolation
64
caused by bacteria present in the person’s normal
flora because of transmission to sites outside their natural habitat (e.g. the urinary
tract), damage to tissue (e.g. wounds) or inappropriate antibiotic therapy that allows
overgrowth of the organism
Endogenous Infections
65
involves washing the hands with ordinary soap and warm
running water for at least 15 seconds, and then drying them with a disposable
paper towel. On visibly clean hand social hand hygiene may be undertaken using
an alcohol hand rub product, and this will effectively remove transient organisms
Social hand hygiene
66
involves washing the hands with soap and water, or other
detergents containing an antiseptic agent (WHO 2009). The aim of an antiseptic
handwash or hand rub is to remove all transient organisms, and this achieves a
higher level of cleanliness than does social hand-washing (
Antiseptic hand hygiene
67
Infectious agent/causative agent/etiologic agent is influenced by some factors
a.Pathogenicity
b.Virulence
c. Infectious dose
d.Organism Specificity
e.Antigenic variations
f. Toxigenicity
68
The condition of being secure against any disease, particularly the power
which a living organism possesses to resist and overcome infection; it is the state of
having resistance or free from infection
Immunity
69
referring to any person (or species) who has been in close
association with an infected person (or species) or freshly soiled materials.
Contact
70
T. pallidum’s portal of exit
is the
genitourinary system
71
t in which the patient displays signs and symptoms.
suspect
72
;salmonella
typhosa’s portal of exit is the
gastrointestinal trac
73
any disease caused by the growth of pathogenic microbes
in the body. It may or may not be communicable. It is transmitted not by ordinary contact but
requires a direct inoculation through a break in the skin or mucus membrane
Infectious Disease
74
a protein substance in response to antigen stimulation
antibody
75
mode of transmission can be:
a) Contact transmission
b) Vehicle/ Route Transmission
c) Airborne Transmission
d) Vector–borne Transmission.
76
All patients known or suspected of having an infectious disease should where
possible be isolated in a single room using the appropriate precautions to
prevent the spread of the infectious condition
Empiric precautions
77
in which the patient has mild or unapparent signs and symptoms
subclinical
78
In hospitals with a consistent large number of patients with the same infectious
condition, for example MRSA, these may be cared for on a specific word
allocated for patients with only that condition.
Designated ward-specific precautions
79
Antibodies are formed in the presence of
active infection in the body
Ex: Chickenpox, measles
Lifelong
Natural Active
80
the reservoir of diseases that are most dangerous to humans than
other specie
Human
81
a susceptible host comes in contact with a contaminated
object or a microorganism enters the body throug
Indirect contact,
82
Antibody are transferred naturally from an
immune mother to her baby thru the
placenta or colostrum
Natural Passive
83
is a disease, which isCommunicable infectious but not
contagious
Malaria
84
(responsible for infestation with trophozoites,
worms, etc.), and environment/fomites (street dust, garden soil, lint from
beddings).
animal
85
illness due to an infectious agent which is
transmitted directly or indirectly from one person to another.
Communicable Disease
86
) Contact transmission can be
direct contact, indirect contact or droplet contact.
87
Preventive aspects
a. Health Education
b. Immunization.
c. Environmental Sanitation and decontamination
d. Hospital Waste Management
88
refers to an organism/microbe
that causes disease (e.g. a bacterium, virus, helminth, fungus, or protozoon). I
Infectious agent/causative agent/etiologic agent
89
Immune serum (antibody) of an animal or
another human
Examples:
Anti-toxins, Anti-serum, Gamma globulin
Immunoglobulin
. Artificial passive
90
measle’s virus portal of exit is the
respiratory system
91
describes the occurrence of infectious disease in a scattered manner,
isolated or seemingly random way or intermittent occurrence of a few isolated and
unrelated cases in each locality. There is a high number of immunes and low number
of susceptible. Example is rabies.
Sporadic.
92
Antibody are produced by another source,
animal/human;
short
Passive
93
2 Types of Immunity:
active
passive
94
occurs when respiratory droplets generated via coughing,
sneezing, or talking contact susceptible mucosal surfaces, such as the eyes, nose, or
mouth
Droplet transmission
95
Stages of the infectious Process:
a) incubation period
b) prodromal period
c) acme/period of illness
d) convalescent/recovery period
96
refers to the host specificity of the causative agent
Organism Specificity
97
s a disease, which isInfectious only
Tetanus
98
This waste
is disposed of into largely into yellow clinical waste bags and is destroyed
byincineration or treated sufficiently to render it safe for landfill; this process
is known as ****
alternative technology.
99
extremely communicable that they often warrant quarantine.
Contagious Disease
100
isease that can be easily transmitted by direct contact.
Contagious Disease
101
the degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of
microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism
to invade the tissues of the host.the degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of
microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism
to invade the tissues of the host.
Virulence.
102
Susceptibility
may be affected by different factors such as:
a) age, sex, and genetic constitution of the host
b)nutritional status, fitness, or environmental factors
c)general physical, mental, emotional health
d)absent or abnormal Ig
e) status of hematopoietic system
f)efficacy of reticuloendothelial system
g) presence of underlying disease such as DM
h) patients treated with anti–microbial, corticosteroids,
103
Universal Precautions
1. Wear mask
2. Wear gloves
3. Wear gowns
4. Immediately and thoroughly wash hands
5. To prevent needle stick injuries
6. Use mouth pieces
104
in which the patient does not manifest signs and symptoms
carriers
105
e means by which an infectious agent passes
from the portal of exit in the reservoir to the susceptible host or how the infectious
agent is being transmitted. This is the easiest to break among the components in the
infectious process
Mode/Means of transmission
106
It is the limitation of freedom of movement of a well person during the
longest incubation period. It involves the separation of persons who are carriers.
Quarantine
107
waste can be divided into three categories:
a. waste that poses a risk of infection
b. waste that posesa chemical hazard, and medicines and medicinally
contaminated waste that contain pharmaceuticallyactive agents
c. Potentially offensive material
108
General Care of Patients with Infectious Diseases:
a. Standard Precautions
b. Patient placement
c. Patient movement and transfer
d. Hand hygiene
109
the period on the road of recovery, the
signs and symptoms gradually disappearing. It is from the time the s/s start to
abate until the person returns a normal state of health. It may last from a few
days to months.
convalescent/recovery period
110
which is the time interval between the first exposure of the host
to the causative agent to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms. In this
period, the microorganism adapts to the person and multiplies sufficiently to
produce an infection.
) incubation period
111
efers to the mode of transmission in which the
causative agent is transferred to the susceptible host via different substances such
as food like in salmonellosis, water such as in shigellosis, drugs such as in the
infusion of drugs with contaminated needle and thru blood such as in AIDS and
HepatitisB
Vehicle/ Route Transmission
112
refers to any of the body opening which allows the
infectious agent to leave such as the mouth, nose, rectum or breaks in the skin. This
also refers to the way by which microorganism escapes from the reservoir
Portal of exit from reservoir
113
is disposed of into black or clear bags. This
type of waste doesnot require incineration and can be disposed of at an
appropriately licensed landfill site.
Healthcare non-risk or domestic waste i
114
is thru actual contact to a person with the microorganism or thru
person to person.
. Direct contact
115
the path by which an infectious agent invades
a susceptible host. The portal of entry could be the respiratory tract, GI tract, GU tract,
mucus membrane/skin
Portal of entry into host.
116
Common portals of exit are:
a. respiratory tract
b. GI tract
c. genitourinary tract
d. skin
e. bloodstream or tissue by insect bites, hypodermic needles or surgical instrument
117
refers to the interaction between the pathogenic microorganisms,
the environment and it has6 components
Infectious process
118
involves an antiseptic handwash or antiseptic hand rub
performed preoperatively by the surgical team to eliminate transient flora and
reduce resident skin flora. Such antiseptics often have persistent antimicrobial
activity
Surgical hand antisepsis
119
which the patient is obviously ill and manifests signs and
symptoms
frank/typical
120
Infectious process 6 components:
a) causative agent; b) reservoir; c) portal of exit from
reservoir; d) mode of transmission; e) portal of entry into host; and f) susceptible host
