Immunodeficiency disorders Flashcards
1
Q
most common type. About 8-10
million people with psoriasis have this kind.
A
Plaque Psoriasis
2
Q
first sign of HIV infection.
A
Persistent recurrent vaginal candidiasis
3
Q
Onset of psoriasis
A
may occur at any age but is most common between the ages of 15 and 35 years
4
Q
A primary immunodeficiency that is thought to result from a failure of terminal differentiation in IgA-positive B cells.
A
Selective IgA Deficiency
5
Q
alphainterferon can lead to
A
tumor regression and improved immune system function.
6
Q
Up to half of those with psoriasis have nail changes. It is even more
common in people who have psoriatic arthritis, which affects the joints
A
Nail Psoriasis
7
Q
symptoms of HIV encephalopathy
A
memory deficits, headache, difficulty concentrating, progressive confusion, psychomotor slowing, apathy, and ataxia,
8
Q
This type often starts in children or young adults. It happens 2% of cases. This type of psoriasis may go away within a few weeks, even without treatment. Some cases, though, are more stubborn and require treatment.
A
Guttate Psoriasis
9
Q
T cells (which normally help protect the body against infection) become active, migrate to the dermis and trigger the release of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNFα, in particular) which cause inflammation and the rapid production of skin cells. It is not known what
A
t
10
Q
total body surface of psoriasis
A
(erythrodermic
psoriatic state).
11
Q
Depressive clinical manifestations of AIDS
A
irrational guilt and shame, loss of self-esteem, feelings of helplessness and worthlessness, and suicidal ideation
12
Q
FOUR CATEGORIES OF INFECTED STATES HAVE BEEN DENOTED:
A
- Primary infection (acute/recent HIV infection, acute HIV syndrome)
- HIV asymptomatic (CDC Category A)
- HIV symptomatic (CDC Category B)
- AIDS (CDC Category C)
13
Q
Plaque Psoriasis is also known as
A
Psoriasis Vulgaris.
14
Q
Wasting Syndrome (Cachexia) clinical manifestations of AIDS
A
Multifactorial protein-energy malnutrition
Profound involuntary weight loss exceeding 10% of baseline body weight
Either chronic diarrhea (for more than 30 days) or chronic weakness
Anorexia, diarrhea, gastrointestinal (GI) malabsorption
15
Q
Sometimes it covers most of the body, which is called “generalized” pustular psoriasis.
A
Pustular Psoriasis
16
Q
the excessive reproduction of skin cells is secondary to factors produced by the immune system
A
immune- mediated disorder
17
Q
o It causes pus-filled bumps (pustules) surrounded by red
skin. These may look infectious, but are not.
o Fever, chills, nausea, tachycardia, muscle weakness.
A
Pustular Psoriasis
18
Q
highly effective for preventing HIV from sex or injection drug use. PrEP is much less effective when it is not taken consistently.
A
PRE-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS (PrEP)
19
Q
risk factors of psoriasis
A
o Stress
o Smoking
o Trauma
o Medication
o Infections
o Family history
o Immunocompromised
o Other things that may trigger psoriasis include:
▪ Allergies
▪ Diet
▪ Weather
20
Q
A condition resulting from arrest of B cell maturation during the early stages of development. a recessive trait that affects only males; have essentially undetectable levels of all serum immunoglobulin.
A
X-linked Agammaglobulinemia (Burton’s Agammaglobulinemia).
21
Q
Immunodeficiency disorders develop due to the following factors:
A
- Positive family history (especially in cases of primary type).
- Decreased functional capacity of one of the constituents of the immune system, as in
cases of spleen or tonsils removal or bone marrow depression. - Aging; as we get older, the immune system weakens.
- Low protein intake in diet.
- Lack of sleep.
- Immunosuppressive drugs especially chemotherapy.
22
Q
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
A
HIV-related peripheral neuropathy
HIV encephalopathy
Cryptococcus neoformans
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Central and peripheral neuropathies
23
Q
Psoriasis may be associated with asymmetric rheumatoid factor which could be
A
negative arthritis of multiple joints.
24
Q
topical therapy include tar preparations
A
coal tar topical [Balnetar]), alphahydroxy or salicylic acid, and corticosteroids.
25
not recommended for use by elderly patients because of their more fragile skin, or in pregnant or lactating
women)
Calcipotriene (Dovonex;
26
Problems with *** are the most common primary immunodeficiency disorders, accounting for more than half.
*The affected component of the immune system may be missing, reduced in number, or abnormal and malfunctioning.
B cells
27
Treatment of depression involves
psychotherapy integrated with pharmacotherapy antidepressants [eg, imipramine, desipramine, and fluoxetine] and possibly a psychostimulant [eg, methylphenidate]).
28
is a type immunodeficiency resulting from severe deficit in CHON and caloric intake
Nutritional Deficiency
29
used for esophageal or oral candidiasis
Topical Clotrimazole (Mycelex) oral troches or Nystatin suspensio
30
Another problem is that up to 25% of people who have an immunodeficiency disorder also have an ****
autoimmune disorder
31
type of immunodeficiency resulting from medical treatment such as intake of immunosuppressive drugs, radiation therapy, etc.
Iatrogenic Deficiency
32
is negative attitudes and beliefs about people living with HIV. It is the prejudice that comes with labeling an individual as part of a group that is believed to be socially unacceptable.
HIV STIGMA
33
Serious potential adverse effects of amphotericin B:
anaphylaxis
renal and hepatic impairment
electrolyte imbalances
anemia
fever
severe chills
34
Biologic agents act by inhibiting
activation and migration, eliminating the T cells completely, slowing postsecretory cytokines or inducing immune deviation:
Systemic Therapy
35
B-cell lymphomas tend to develop outside the lymph nodes, most commonly in the ***
brain, bone marrow, and GI tract.
36
Other Types of Immunodeficiencies:
Iatrogenic Deficiency
Nutritional Deficiency
37
for patients with severe depression who do not respond
to pharmacologic interventions.
Electroconvulsive therapy
38
caused by mutations, sometimes in a specific gene. If the mutated gene is on the X (sex) chromosome, the resulting disorder is called an X-linked disorder.
Primary immunodeficiency disorders
39
impair the immune system’s ability to defend the body against foreign or abnormal cells that invade or attack it (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and cancer cells)
Immunodeficiency Disorders
40
formerly referred to as AIDS dementia complex [ADC]
HIV encephalopathy
41
Primary Immunodeficiency Typically become evident during
***
Some primary immunodeficiency
disorders (such as common variable immunodeficiency) are not recognized until adulthood.
infancy or childhood
42
A congenital condition that occur or develop before the 12th week of gestation, when the thymus gland, parathyroid gland and parts of the head, neck and heart are developing; infants born with this defect have partial/complete failure of development of the thymus and parathyroid gland.
Digeorge Syndrome
43
a neurologic manifestation which is a fungal infection
Cryptococcus neoformans
44
is caused by diverse genetic mutations that lead to absence of all immune function; opportunistic infections that usually lead to death by the age of 2.
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SCIDS)
45
example of Cellular (T-cell) Immunodeficiencies
Digeorge Syndrome
46
in aids, Possible bone marrow suppression (producing a decrease in white blood cell [WBC]
and platelet counts), oral candidiasis, and liver and renal impairments require close
monitoring.
t
47
refers to an attitude or belief, discrimination is the behaviors
that result from those attitudes or beliefs
stigma
48
medical management for CMV Retinitis
Oral Valganciclovir, IV Ganciclovir, IV Ganciclovir followed by oral Valganciclovir, IV
Foscarnet, IV Cidofovir, and the Ganciclovir intraocular implant coupled with
Valganciclovir
49
This type of psoriasis is the least
common, but it's very serious and affects most of the body.
Erythrodermic or Exfoliative Psoriasis
50
Kaposi’s Sarcoma Treatment Goals:
o reduce symptoms by decreasing the size of the skin lesions
o reduce discomfort associated with edema and ulcerations
o control symptoms associated with mucosal or visceral involvement.
51
ASSESSMENT FOR AIDS
Nutritional Status
Skin and Mucous Membranes
Respiratory Status
Neurologic Status
Fluid and Electrolyte Status
Level of Knowledge
Use of Alternative Therapies
52
The common triggers are friction, sweating, and fungal infection.
Inverse Psoriasis
53
Types of psoriasis
Plaque Psoriasis
Guttate Psoriasis
Inverse Psoriasis
Pustular Psoriasis
Erythrodermic/Exfoliative Psoriasis Nail Psoriasis
Psoriatic Arthritis
54
Oncologic:
types of cancer occur often in people with AIDS and are considered AIDS-defining conditions:
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)
B-cell lymphomas
Invasive cervical cancer.
55
what to assess in Wasting syndrome and fluid and electrolyte disturbances:
o monitor weight gain or loss
o skin turgor and dryness
o ferritin levels
o hemoglobin and hematocrit
o electrolytes
56
Gastrointestinal clinical manifestations of AIDS
Loss of appetite
Nausea and vomiting
Oral and esophageal candidiasis (white patches, painful swallowing, retrosternal pain,
and possibly oral lesions)
Chronic diarrhea
57
characterized by decreased serum levels of IgM and markedly elevated serum IgA and IgE concentrations; initially is mild but progressively deteriorates
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
58
for chronic refractory infection with candidiasis (thrush) or esophageal involvement
Ketoconazole (Nizoral) or fluconazole (Diflucan)
59
Patches of skin that are bright red,
smooth, and shiny, but don't have
scales and getting worse with sweating and rubbing. This type
usually found in these locations:
armpits, groin, under the breasts,
and skin folds around the genitals
and buttocks.
Inverse Psoriasis
60
Immune function should improve with initiation of ****, resulting in faster resolution of the opportunistic infection.
highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
61
Alternative therapeutic regimens (mild-to-moderate) for Pneumocystis Pneumonia:
o (1) dapsone and TMP
o (2) primaquine plus clindamycin
o (3) atovaquone suspension.
62
The federal guidelines recommend that PrEP be considered for people who are HIV-negative who:
o Have had anal or vaginal sex in the past 6 months
o Have a sexual partner with HIV (especially if the partner has an unknown or
detectable viral load) or
o Have not consistently used a condom or
o Have been diagnosed with an STD in the past 6 months
63
treatment for lymphoma
Combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy
64
is a clinical syndrome that is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive, behavioral, and motor functions.
HIV encephalopathy
65
autoimmune disorder such as ** is common in immunodeficiency disorders
immune thrombocytopenia
66
stage of HIV: fewer than 200 CD4 T lymphocytes/mm3)
AIDS (CDC Category C)
67
CONFIRMATORY TEST for AIDS
Western blot assay
68
signs and symptoms of opportunistic infections:
fever
malaise
difficulty breathing
nausea or vomiting
diarrhea
difficulty swallowing
any occurrences of swelling or discharge.
69
medications that trigger psoriasis
▪ Lithium
▪ Antimalarial drugs
▪ Inderal
▪ Quinidine
▪ Indomethacin
70
is effective as a palliative measure for kaposis sarcoma
radiation therapy
71
These disorders generally develop later in life and often result from use of certain drugs or from another disorder, such as diabetes or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. They are more common.
Secondary Immunodeficiency
72
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
Promoting Skin Integrity
Maintaining Perianal Skin Integrity
Promoting Usual Bowel Patterns
Preventing Infection
Improving Activity Tolerance
Improving Airway Clearance
Relieving Pain and Discomfort
Maintaining Thought Processes
Improving Nutritional Status
Decreasing Sense of Social Isolation
Coping With Grief
Monitoring and Managing Potential Complications
73
formerly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
74
Symptoms:
o Painful, stiff joints that are worse in the morning and after rest
o Sausage-like swelling of the fingers and toes
o Warm joints that may be discolored
Psoriatic Arthritis
75
symptoms of Cryptococcus neoformans
fever, headache, malaise, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, mental
status changes, and seizures
76
Ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases, such as chancroid, syphilis, and herpes, are
more severe in women with HIV.
t
77
PrEP is also recommended for people who inject drugs and
o have an injection partner with HIV or
o share needles, syringes, or other equipment to inject drugs (for example,
cookers).
o PrEP should also be considered for people who have been prescribed nonoccupational post- exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and
o report continued risk behavior, or
o have used multiple courses of PEP.
t
78
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
79
Selective IgA Deficiency is commonly associated with
* normal B lymphocytes in peripheral blood
* normal CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
* usually, normal neutrophil and lymphocyte counts
80
examples of Combined T-cell and B-cell Immunodeficiency
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SCIDS)
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
81
Clinical manifestations of psoriasis
o Lesions — red, raised patches of skin
covered with silvery scales.
o Multiple bleeding points
o Nail pitting, discoloration, crumbling
beneath the free edges, and
separation of the nail plate.
o Acutely ill, with fever, chills, and an
electrolyte imbalance —
erythrodermic psoriasis
* Psychological Considerations:
o Psoriasis may cause despair and
frustration;
82
ASSESSMENT & DIAGNOSTIC METHODS for psoriasis
o Presence of classic plaque — type lesions (change histologically progressing from early to chronic plaques)
o Signs of nail and scalp involvement and positive family history
83
If the mutated gene is on the X (sex) chromosome, the resulting disorder is called an ***
X-linked disorder
84
Respiratory clinical manifestations of AIDS
Shortness of breath, dyspnea, cough, chest pain, and fever
85
NURSING INTERVENTIONS for psoriasis
Promoting Understanding
Increasing Skin Integrity
Improving Self-Concept and Body Image
Monitoring and Managing Complications
Promoting Home-and Community-Based Care Teaching Patients Self-Care
86
PCP prophylaxis can be safely discontinued in patients who are responding to HAART
with a sustained increase in T lymphocytes.
t
87
associated with long-term risks of skin cancer, cataracts, and premature aging of
the skin.
Photochemotherapy
88
WHAT CAN BE DONE ABOUT HIV STIGMA?
Talk about HIV
Take action
89
Plaque psoriasis causes raised,
inflamed, red skin covered with silvery, white scales. These patches may itch and burn. It can
appear anywhere on the body, but it often pops up in these areas: scalp, elbows, lower back, knees
Plaque Psoriasis
90
Gynecologic clinical manifestations of AIDS
Persistent recurrent vaginal candidiasis, Ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases, Human papillomavirus
91
If you’re prescribed PEP, you’ll need to take it once or twice daily for ***.
28 days
92
are disorders that can result from prolonged (chronic) and/or serious disorders such as diabetes or cancer, drugs and rarely, radiation therapy.
Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders (SID)
93
neurocognitive disorder that is common across the trajectory of HIV infection and may occur in a variety of patterns, with distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSPN) or distal symmetrical polyneuropathy the most frequently occurring type. DSPN can lead to significant pain and decreased function.
HIV-related peripheral neuropathy
94
ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC METHODS for AIDS
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
Western blot assay
Viral load tests such as target amplification methods.
OraSure saliva test
OraQuick Rapid HIV-1 antibody test.
95
are the preferred prophylactic
agents for Mycobacterium Avium Complex
Azithromycin (Zithromax) and clarithromycin (Biaxin)
96
Women with HIV have a higher incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and menstrual abnormalities (amenorrhea or bleeding between periods)
t
97
o a synthetic analog of somatostatin
o shown to be effective in managing chronic severe diarrhea.
Antidiarrheal Therapy
Octreotide acetate (Sandostatin)
98
current primary therapy for Cryptococcal Meningitis
IV Amphotericin B with or without oral flucytosine (5-FC, Ancobon) or fluconazole (Diflucan)
99
DIAGNOSIS of psoriasis
* Risk for infection
* Disturbed body Image
* Impaired skin integrity
* Social isolation
* Hopelessness
* Helplessness
* Deficient knowledge related to Psoriasis
100
acts to reduce inflammation
Topical corticosteroid therapy
101
PEP must be started within *** after a recent possible exposure to HIV, but the sooner you start PEP, the better. Every hour counts.
72 hours
102
cells that trigger the inflammation
and excessive skin cell reproduction seen in people with psoriasis. This leads to inflammation and flaking of skin.
T cells
103
a central nervous system demyelinating disorder
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
104
main goal of management of psoriasis
slow the rapid turnover of epidermis,
105
two classifications of immunodeficiency disorders
1. Primary Immunodeficiency
2. Secondary Immunodeficiency
106
stage of HIV: dramatic drops in CD4 T-cell counts, which are normally between 500 and
1,500 cells/mm3
Primary infection (acute/recent HIV infection, acute HIV syndrome)
107
causes venereal warts and is a risk factor for cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia,
Human papillomavirus
108
most frequently occurring type of HIV-related peripheral neuropathy
distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSPN) or distal symmetrical polyneuropathy
109
RISK FACTORS of HIV
bodily fluids by high-risk behaviors
injection drug use
male homosexual relations.
blood Transfusion
children born to mothers with HIV infection,
breast-fed infants of HIV-infected mothers,
health care workers exposed to needle-stick injury
110
examples of Humoral (B-cell) Immunodeficiency
X-linked Agammaglobulinemia (Burton’s Agammaglobulinemia)
Selective IgA Deficiency
111
Three types of therapy are standard:
topical, systemic, and phototherapy.
112
Secondary Immunodeficiency can be a result of another disorder like
diabetes or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
113
patients should
avoid drinking alcohol, should
not be administered to pregnant
women.
Methotrexate
114
when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues. Sometimes the autoimmune disorder develops before the immunodeficiency causes any symptoms.
Autoimmune disorder
115
Alternative therapeutic regimens (moderate-to-severe) for Pneumocystis Pneumonia:
o (1) primaquine plus clindamycin
o (2) intravenous (IV) pentamidine.
116
It is a condition where the affected person have both psoriasis and arthritis. In 70% of cases, people have psoriasis for about 10 years before getting psoriatic arthritis. About 90% of people with it also have nail changes.
Psoriatic Arthritis
117
AIDS are associated with
opportunistic infections, such as those caused by *** , the most common infection),
Pneumocystis jiroveci (Pneumocystis pneumonia [PCP]
118
o Widespread, fiery skin that appears to be burned.
o Severe illness from protein and fluid loss, infection, pneumonia, or
congestive heart failure.
Other symptoms include:
o Severe itching, burning, or peeling
o Tachycardia
o Changes in body temperature
Erythrodermic or Exfoliative Psoriasis
119
is an alternative prophylactic agent, although drug interactions may make this agent difficult to use for Mycobacterium Avium Complex
Rifabutin
120
is the treatment of choice for Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ)
121
what to assess in Respiratory failure and impaired breathing:
monitor ABG values
oxygen saturation
respiratory rate and pattern
breath sounds
122
adjunctive corticosteroids should be started as early as possible (and certainly within 72 hours) for Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ)
123
are additional nonsteroidal
agents.
Tazarotene (Tazorac) as well as
vitamin D
124
Triggers of this psoriasis include: suddenly stopping the systemic psoriasis treatment, allergic drug reaction, severe sunburn, infection, medications such as lithium, antimalarial drugs, cortisone, or strong coal tar products. This may
also happen if the psoriasis is hard to control.
Erythrodermic or Exfoliative Psoriasis
125
stage of HIV: 200 to 499 CD4 T lymphocytes/mm3)
HIV symptomatic (CDC Category B)
126
taking antiretroviral medicines (ART) after being potentially exposed to HIV to prevent becoming infected.
POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS (PEP)
127
a chronic, noninfectious, inflammatory disease of the skin in which the production of epidermal cells occurs faster than
normal. The primary defect is unknown.
Bilateral symmetry often exists.
PSORIASIS
128
Integumentary clinical manifestations of AIDS
KS, herpes simplex, and herpes zoster viruses and various forms of dermatitis associated with painful vesicles
129
may develop in which the disease progresses to involve the total body surface (erythrodermic
psoriatic state).
exfoliative psoriatic state
130
defined as the most severe form of a continuum of illnesses associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
131
may be used for severely
debilitating psoriasis.
Psoralens and ultraviolet A (PUVA)
therapy
132
Goals for the patient for psoriasis
o achievement and maintenance of skin integrity
o improved thought processes
o absence of infection
o increased comfort
o increased socialization
o increased knowledge regarding disease
o absence of complications
133
cancer that is the most common HIV-related malignancy and involves the endothelial layer of blood and lymphatic vessels (exhibits a variable and aggressive course, ranging from localized cutaneous lesions to disseminated disease involving multiple organ systems).
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)
134
the act of treating people living with HIV
differently than those without HIV
HIV discrimination
135
These types of lymphomas are characteristically of a higher grade, indicating aggressive growth and resistance to treatment.
B-cell lymphomas
136
Guttate psoriasis small, pink-red spots on the skin. They often appear on the scalp, upper arms, trunk, and thighs
Guttate Psoriasis
137
used to slow the
overactive epidermis
Topical treatment
138
this psoriasis triggers include:
topical medicine or systemic medicine especially steroids, suddenly stopping systemic drugs or strong topical steroids that you used over a large area of your body, getting too much ultraviolet (UV) light without using sunscreen, pregnancy, infection, stress, and
exposure to certain chemical.
Pustular Psoriasis
139
(tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNFα, in particular) which cause inflammation and the rapid production of skin cells. It is not known what
initiatesthe activation of the T cells.
cytokines
140
Collaborative Problems/Potential Complications
Opportunistic infections
Impaired breathing or respiratory failure
Wasting syndrome and fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Adverse reaction to medications
141
symptoms of Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
mental confusion, blindness, aphasia, muscle weakness, paresis, and death.
142
X-linked disorders occur more often in what gender
boys
143
disorders are usually present at
birth and are genetic disorders that are usually hereditary.
Primary Immunodeficiency
144
Other common adverse effects of CMV Retinitis management
seizures
GI tract disturbances
anemia
phlebitis at the infusion site
low back pain
145
more than 100 primary immunodeficiency disorders. All are relatively rare.
Primary Immunodeficiency
146
Adverse effects of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ)
hypotension, impaired glucose metabolism leading to the development of diabetes mellitus from damage to the pancreas, renal damage, hepatic dysfunction, and neutropenia.
147
used to treat generalized
plaque and may be combined with
the topical cream, calcipotriene
(Dovonex).
Ultraviolet B (UVB) light therapy
148
Other common infections involving the nervous system include:
o Toxoplasma gondii
o CMV
o Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections.
149
Most important principle of psoriasis treatment:
Gentle removal of scales (bath oil, coal tar preparations, and a soft brush used to scrub the psoriatic
plaques).
150
what does it signify when there are Acutely ill, with fever, chills, and an electrolyte imbalance
erythrodermic psoriasis
151
infants born with Digeorge Syndrome have partial/complete
failure of development of the **
thymus and parathyroid gland
152
Prevention of Opportunistic Infections
use for HIV patients who have a T-cell count of fewer than 200 cells/mm3 to prevent PCP.
Chemoprophylaxis with TMP-SMZ (Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim)
153
is when people at risk for HIV take daily medicine to prevent HIV
PRE-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS (PrEP)
154
may be used to treat infections caused by herpes simplex or herpes zoster.
Oral Acyclovir, Famciclovir, or Valacyclovir
155
This kind of psoriasis is uncommon and mostly appears in adults. This type may show up on one area of the body, such as the hands and feet
Pustular Psoriasis
156
Main sites of the body affected in psoriasis
scalp, areas over the elbows and knees, lower part of the back, and genitalia, as well as the
nails.
157
kinds of Photochemotherapy
* Psoralens and ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy
* Ultraviolet B (UVB) light therapy
* Excimer laser therapy
158
HIV belongs to a group of viruses known as **.
retroviruses
159
A wide range of conditions characterized by decreased or inability of the body to effect both humoral and cellular mediated immunity.
Combined T-cell and B-cell Immunodeficiency
160
Prognosis
* Psoriasis is a lifelong condition.
* There is currently no cure but various treatments can help to control the symptoms.
* Many of the most effective agents used to treat severe psoriasis carry an increased risk of significant morbidity
including skin cancers, lymphoma and liver disease. However, the majority of people's experience of psoriasis is that
of minor localized patches, particularly on the elbows and knees, which can be treated with topical medication.
t
161
a cellular change that is frequently a precursor to cervical
cancer.
Women with HIV are 10 times more likely to develop it.
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
162
t refers to a wide variety of conditions which are characterized by insufficient or inability to effect humoral mediated immunity; increases the risk of recurrent pyogenic infections.
Humoral (B-cell) Immunodeficiency
163
Adverse reactions to Foscarnet:
nephrotoxicity (Acute Renal Failure)
electrolyte imbalances (hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and
hypomagnesemia)
164
is related to an abnormal immune system that produces too many of the immune cells, called T cells, in the skin
psoriasis
165
” happens when a person takes in the negative ideas and stereotypes about people
living with HIV and start to apply them to themselves.
“Internalized stigma” or “self-stigma”
166
how to soften thick scales.
Application of emollient creams containing alpha-hydroxy acids (Lac-Hydrin, Penederm) or salicylic acid after bathing
167
It refers to a wide variety of conditions which are characterized by insufficient or inability to effect cell mediated immunity
Cellular (T-cell) Immunodeficiencies
168
The basal skin cells divide too quickly, and the newly formed cells become evident
as profuse scales or plaques of epidermal tissue. As a result of the increased number of basal cells and rapid cell passage,
the normal events of cell maturation and growth cannot occur, which prevents the normal protective layers of the skin
to form
PSORIASIS
169
Adverse reaction to Ganciclovir: which limits the concomitant use of zidovudine (azidothymidine [AZT], Compound S, Retrovir)
severe neutropenia
170
stage of HIV: more than 500 CD4 T lymphocytes/mm3)
HIV asymptomatic (CDC Category A)
171
treatment for Mycobacterium Avium Complex disease if they have a CD4 count fewer than 50 cells/L.
chemoprophylaxis
172
Undetectable = Untransmittable
t
173
are the second most common malignancy
They tend to develop outside the lymph nodes, most commonly in the brain, bone marrow, and GI tract.
B-cell lymphomas
174
Primary immunodeficiency disorders are classified by which part of the immune system is affected:
1. Humoral (B-cell) Immunodeficiency.
2. Cellular (T-cell) Immunodeficiencies
3. Combined T-cell and B-cell Immunodeficiency.
4. Other Types of Immunodeficiencies:
175
Symptoms:
o Pitting of your nails
o Tender, painful nails
o Separation of the nail from the bed
o Color changes (yellow-brown)
o Chalk-like material under your nails
Nail Psoriasis
176
viruses that carry their
genetic material in the form of ribonucleic acid (RNA) rather than deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA).
retroviruses
177
Major indications of disorders include:
1. Multiple infections despite aggressive treatment
2. Infections with unusual or opportunistic organisms
3. Failure to thrive or poor growth
4. Positive family history
