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MedSurg AM > Immunologic Nursing > Flashcards

Immunologic Nursing Flashcards

1
Q

an immunoglobulin involved in
macroparasite defense and allergy.

A

IgE

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2
Q

the development of protection of the body in response to agents that are considered foreign.

A

immunity

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3
Q

They provide internal protection through enhancing macrophage function and directly killing infected cells.

A

Natural Killer Cells.

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4
Q

Pyrogens are classified as either:

A

endogenous pyrogens
exogenous pyrogens

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5
Q

exudates that are the fluid portion of coagulated blood; thin, watery, sticky substance one example is blisters from burns

A

serous

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6
Q

Ig that has antibacterial, antiviral and antitoxic properties.

A

IgA

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7
Q

step in exudate elimination that occurs when there is a formation of an abnormal tract between two hallow organs

A

Formation of fistula

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8
Q

-“secretory immunoglobulin”
-called such because they are found in the exocrine secretions of the body (milk, mucus, saliva and tears)
-protects the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, digestive and genital tracts from pathogenic invasion by preventing the attachment of bacteria to epithelial surfaces.

A

IgA

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9
Q

presence of granules in their cytoplasm which represent discrete packets of enzymes used to digest the engulfed microbes or foreign materials

A

Granulocytes

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10
Q

result of precipitins

A

precipitation

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11
Q

Ig that functions in the digestive tract of infant through milk
It is the secretory Ig (tears, saliva, milk)

A

IgA

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12
Q

generally used to denote one particular set of immunoglobulins known to have specificity for a particular antigen

A

Antibody

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13
Q

its activation and collaboration with other components of the inflammatory response

A

complementary system

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14
Q

Ig in Secondary Immune Response

A

IgG

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15
Q

Granulocytes involved in allergy

A

basophils

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16
Q

least common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.01% to 0.3% of circulating white blood cells.

A

basophils

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17
Q

Response is produced within hours of contact with an offending antigen but no memory of the immunologic event is produced for future protection hence, innate immunity is said to be short term and temporary.

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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18
Q

In systemic manifestations, this entails an increase in the number of circulating WBCs. It is stimulated by the release of biochemical mediators.

A

leukocytosis

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19
Q

WBC that has no cytoplasm

A

Agranulocytes

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20
Q

stage of inflammation that starts when the injurious agent has been removed and the wound debris has been cleared away.

A

repair

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21
Q

prevents entry of harmful agents into the body and keratinized surface cells of the skin provide a tough, dense, waterproof covering.

A

skin

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22
Q

stage of inflammation that involves A protein molecule which is composed of fibrinogen + thromboplastin + platelets, is released by tissue cells to form clots/fibrin which localizes site of inflammation which in turn provides a framework for tissue.

A

repair

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23
Q

immunity cells

A

WBC

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24
Q

Type of immune response:

A

occurs when antigen enters the body for the first time= production of antibodies (IgM is the first to be synthesized).

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25
Q

pathways of complement activation:

A

a. Classic pathway
b. Alternate pathway

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26
Q

types of passive immunity

A

a. Natural Passive Immunity
b. Artificial Passive Immunity-

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27
Q

protects the GI from invasion of
foreign organisms;

A

tonsils, appendix, peyer’s patches

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28
Q

where the B and T lymphocytes are produced and where B lymphocytes mature.

A

Bone Marrow

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29
Q

 Inspect the skin and mucous membranes for any wounds or lesions
 Assess lymph nodes for enlargement or tenderness
 Assess for signs of infection anywhere in the body

A

Physical Assessment

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30
Q

consists of anatomic and chemical barriers that recognize and respond to damaged self-cells or non-self foreign antigens.

A

Innate immunity

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31
Q

group of proteins produced by various cells when invaded by foreign organisms. They are capable of inhibiting cell growth by slowing down cell replication and enhancing NK cell activity.

A
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32
Q

Two mechanisms of Cellular or Cell Mediated Immunity:

A

Generation of lymphokines
Release of lymphokines

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33
Q

network of interacting cells, plasma, protein and organs that defend the body against invasion of microorganism causing damage to it.

A

Immune system

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34
Q

often called the immune response which develops more slowly compared to the inflammatory response.

A

adaptive immunity

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35
Q

o Transitory vasoconstriction occurs first in an attempt to prevent bleeding and localize the infection or injury.
o Transitory vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation leading to increased blood flow to the site of injury.
o The release of vasoactive mediators also increases vascular permeability which allows outpouring of plasma and some blood components into the injured area causing swelling.

A

Vascular Response

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36
Q

T cells that responsible for the cell mediated destruction of tumor cells or cells infected with virus.
 Must directly adhere to the target cell through antigen presented by MHC class I molecules and appropriate CD molecules.

CD4+ cells for HIV

A

Killer T Cells or Cytotoxic T Cells

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37
Q

where mature immune cells are stored

A

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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38
Q

Antigen-Antibody Reaction: antibodies that causes clamping; all antigens with same sizes
clump causing agglutination.

A

Agglutinins

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39
Q

Details of previous infections, exposure to infection, neoplastic disease, autoimmune disorders, allergies, immunizations and condition of non-specific defenses and factors that may affect them

A

Past Health History

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40
Q

Granulocytes involved in backing up when phagocytosis arent enough

A

eosinophils

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41
Q

WBCs which are responsible for most of the body’s adaptive immune response.

A

lymphocytes

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42
Q

organs/tissues responsible for the
Immune Response:

A
  1. Primary Lymphoid Organs
     Bone Marrow
     Thymus Gland
    2.Secondary Lymphoid Organs
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43
Q

*** are significant because it dilute toxins released by bacteria, bring to site substances necessary for tissue repair, and serves as medium for phagocytic cells to migrate into the area to engulf harmful agents, injured cells.

A

Inflammatory exudates

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44
Q

They play a primary role in inflammation and destroy foreign bodies through phagocytosis.

A

Neutrophils

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45
Q

type of immunity: in the use of vaccines and toxoids to stimulate homologous antibody.

A

Artificial Active Immunity

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46
Q

lines all body tracts that have external openings. It is covered by viscous secretions that tend to trap and inactivate microorganisms.

A

mucous membranes

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47
Q

cytokines that are process specific like adaptive and innate process

A

Interleukins.

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48
Q

type of immune rsponse: (made possible by memory cells) happens during subsequent exposure.

A

Secondary Immune Response

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49
Q

activation of complement system is characterized by the release of

A

opsonins, chemotactic factors, and anaphylatoxins

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50
Q

is brought about by the release of vasoactive mediators (histamine, serotonin, kinins).

A

vascular response

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51
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs is composed of

A

tonsils, appendix, peyer’s patches

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52
Q

stage of inflammation. It begins just after the injury and most active within the first 24 hours. Exudates that are formed depends on the cause and extent of injury.

A

Formation of Inflammatory Exudates.

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53
Q

any material that is foreign or perceived as non-self (which are mostly protein) which results to the production of antibodies

A

ANTIGEN/IMMUNOGEN

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54
Q

Stages of Inflammation

A
  1. Vascular-Cellular Response
  2. Formation of Inflammatory Exudates.
  3. Repair
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55
Q

Lymphokine that causes lysis of the antigen.

A

Lymphotoxins

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56
Q

Its action is said to be specific and has memory which enables it to confer permanent or long term protection against specific microorganisms.

A

adaptive immunity

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57
Q

pyrogens which is induced by pathogens. Leukocytosis entails an increase in the number of circulating WBCs

A

exogenous pyrogens

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58
Q

result of agglutinins

A

agglutination.

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59
Q

thought to be the precursors of macrophages that are fixed in tissues

A

Monocytes

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60
Q

have protein receptors on their
cell surface that allows binding with IgE

A

basophils

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61
Q

what to assess in physical assessment

A

skin, lymph nodes, signs of infection

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62
Q

it is due to this cell that there is cancer

they have antigen receptors

A

T lymphocytes

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63
Q

pathway triggered by the formation of immune
complexes

A

Classic pathway

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64
Q

usually the first cells to arrive at the site of an infection.

A

Neutrophils

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65
Q

Some of the ***
that are released to the skin surface by the sebaceous glands have antimicrobial property and inhibit the growth of selected microorganisms.

A

fatty acids

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66
Q

TYPES of IMMUNITY:

A

Active Immunity
Passive Immunity

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67
Q

molecules that induce rapid degranulation of mast cells thus increasing inflammation.

A

anaphylatoxins

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68
Q

MHC for helper T cell (TH)

A

MHC Class II

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69
Q

Identifies and measures the amount of serum proteins

A

Electrophoresis

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70
Q

result of Antitoxin/Neutralizing Antibody

A

neutralization

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71
Q

Stages of Combined Humoral and Cell Mediated Immunity

A
  1. Recognition Stage
  2. Proliferation
  3. Response Stage
  4. Effector Stage
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72
Q

results of complement system

A

opsonization, chemotaxis and
dissolution

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73
Q

stage: Proliferation and differentiation of different types of B and T cells

A

Proliferation

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74
Q

Functions of Eosinophils:

A

 Serve as body’s primary defense against parasites.
 Regulate vascular mediators released from mast cells.

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75
Q

types of active immunity

A

a. Natural Active Immunity
b. Artificial Active Immunity-

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76
Q

type of immunity: injections of anti-sera from immuned persons
and/or animals

A

Artificial Passive Immunity

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77
Q

functions of adaptive immunity

A

specific and has memory

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78
Q

If the antigens are successful in penetrating external protective barriers, an even more complex array of internal defense mechanism comes to play.

A

internal defenses

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79
Q

are considered important cellular mediators of the inflammatory response

A

Macrophages

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80
Q

Types of T Lymphocytes

A

Killer T Cells or Cytotoxic T Cells
Helper T Cells
Suppressor T Cells
Memory T Cells

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81
Q

In Local Manifestations of inflammation. All the local characteristics of acute inflammation result from vascular changes and subsequent leakage of circulating components of the tissue:

A

redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), loss of function (function laesa).

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82
Q

A complex collection of circulating and membrane-associated proteins.

A

Complement System

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83
Q

Immunoglobulins:
-predominant class of antibodies in normal adults
-primary function is to neutralize toxins and inactivate viruses and bacteria.
-constitutes about 80-85% of the immunoglobulins in the blood and accounts for most of the protective activity against infection

A

IgG

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84
Q

These are antigen coming outside the body.

A

Foreign

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85
Q

Migrate to the site slower compared to neutrophils because they move more sluggishly and their need for chemotactic factors which are released by neutrophils

A

Macrophages

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86
Q

contains large amounts of RBC’s which indicates damage within the capillaries themselves.

A

hemorrhagic or sanguineous

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87
Q

Major Cytokines:

A

interferons
interleukins

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88
Q

step in exudate elimination that is being done done by the action of macrophages where in it engulfs/absorbs dead tissues

A

absorption

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89
Q

three properties of the immune system

A

specificity, memory, recognition

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90
Q

NK cells’ ability to protect is enhanced by macrophages coming in contact with microbes and secreting the ***

A

NK-activating cytokine interleukin-12.

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91
Q

o antibody mediated immune response where B cells are the ones predominant
o antigen enters the body = B cells are the one to recognize presence of antigen = B cells then undergo differentiation (plasma cell and memory cell) = plasma cells further differentiate into specific immunoglobulin that is necessary in fighting the infection/antigen

A

Humural Immune Response

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92
Q

how many days will it take for the body to produce antibodies. therefore, the person develops
infection in primary immune response

A

4-8 days

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93
Q

Diagnostic Procedures

A

 Bone Marrow Aspiration
 Electrophoresis
 Radioimmunoassay
 Immunofluorescence
 Agglutination
 Complement fixation
 Allergy tests

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94
Q

step in exudate elimination that is when the infected area is incised and the exudates are drained
manually.

A

Incision and drainage

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95
Q

dissolution of bacteria

A

lysis

96
Q

Ig in Primary Immune Response

A

IgM

97
Q

known to provide a powerful and specific initial defense mechanism that targets, controls and even eradicates microbes before adaptive immunity is activated.

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

98
Q

Ig found mostly in the surface of B cells

A

IgD

99
Q

molecules that coat bacteria and increase their susceptibility to being eaten and killed by inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and macrophages

A

opsonins

100
Q

hormones which control T lymphocyte activity and other various functions of the immune system

A

thymosins

101
Q

widely distributed collection of both free and fixed macrophages derived from bone marrow precursor cells by way of monocytes

A

Mononuclear Phagocytic System (MPS

102
Q

It consists of a large number of proteins that together constitute about 10% of the total circulating serum protein.

A

Complement System

103
Q

Ask these questions to elicit details about your patient’s current illness in present health history

A
  • Have you noticed enlarged lymph nodes?
  • Have you experienced weakness or joint pain? If so, when did you first notice the problem? Does it affect one side of your body or both sides?
  • Have you recently had a rash, abnormal bleeding, or a slow healing sore?
  • Have you experienced vision disturbances, fever, or changes in elimination
    patterns?
  • Have you felt more tired recently? If so, when did it start?
104
Q

exudates thicker than serous because of the presence of pus,

A

purulent or suppurative exudate

105
Q

make up about 1-3 % of the WBC

A

eosinophils

106
Q

ability to “remember” pathogens that have previously invaded the body

A

memory

107
Q

a term used for all molecules that are known to have specificity for antigen

A

Immunoglobulins

108
Q

In Formation of Inflammatory Exudates, Inflammatory exudates formation is brought about by the *** and the toxins released by offending microorganism or injured cells.

A

extravasation of plasma and blood components

109
Q

White blood cells are also called

A

leukocytes

110
Q

steps How exudates are eliminated

A

absorption, incision and drainage, and fistula formation.

111
Q

the largest normal blood cells. They are produced in the bone marrow, enter the circulation and migrate to the inflammatory site, where they develop into macrophages.

A

Monocytes

112
Q

property that says the immune system is capable of producing antibodies that attack specific antigens

A

specificity

113
Q

Vaccines can either be:

A

(a) killed; (b) live- attenuated, weakened; (c) toxoids.

114
Q

Lymphokine that promotes adherence of antibodies to the surface of the antigen.

A

Macrophage Activating Factor (MAF)

115
Q

Two categories of Cellular or Cell Mediated Immunity:

A

Effector T cells
Regulator T cells

116
Q

Innate immune system components have receptors, known as *** that recognize cell markers common to various types of microbes that are
not present on host cells.

A

pattern recognition
receptors

117
Q

Ig that is transplacental

A

IgG

118
Q

Better than neutrophils when it comes to long term defense against infectious agents because they can survive and divide in the acidic inflammatory site

A

Macrophages

119
Q

major storage depot for macrophages and lymphocytes.

A

spleen

120
Q

Cells Mediated Adaptive Immunity

A

B and T lymphocytes

121
Q

used to identify antibodies specific for an antigen. It is used to
identify viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa.

A

Immunofluorescence

122
Q

sanguineous means

A

bloody

123
Q

Types of Exudates

A

serous, catarrhal or mucoid exudates, purulent or suppurative exudate, fibrinous exudate, hemorrhagic or sanguineous

124
Q

1st stage of inflammation

A

Vascular-Cellular Response

125
Q

thymus gland produces

A

thymosins

126
Q

Major functions of the immune system

A

defense, maintenance of homeostasis; and surveillance

127
Q

acidity of gastric secretions (approximately pH2) kills many organisms and detoxifies certain potentially toxic substances

A

Protective secretions and enzymes.

128
Q

Lymphokine that suppresses movement of antibodies so that they will remain in the site.

A

Migration Inhibition Factor (MIF)

129
Q

Types of Lymphokines:

A

a. LDCF (Lymphocyte Derived Chemotactic Factor)
b. Migration Inhibition Factor (MIF) and Macrophage Activating Factor (MAF)
c. Transfer Factor leukocytes
d. Lymphotoxins
e. Interferon
f. Interleukin II

130
Q

They are produced predominantly by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to their recognition of a pathogen or stimulation by other products of inflammation.

A

interleukins

131
Q

cells that ingest

A

Macrophages

132
Q

contains acetic acid and salt which are considered toxic to many pathogenic microorganisms.

A

sweat

133
Q

A distinct protein that are primarily produced by WBC which provide signal to regulate immunological aspects of cell growth and function during both inflammation and specific immune response

A

cytokines

134
Q

result of opsonin

A

opsonization

135
Q

how many days will it take to produce antibody in secondary immune rsponse. therefore, the person does not develop the infection; IgG.

A

1-2 days

136
Q

two types of Agranulocyte:

A

Lymphocytes.
Monocytes

137
Q

Name of macrophage in connective tissue

A

Histiocytes

138
Q

T cells that remembers contact with specific antigens and immediately respond in subsequent exposures.

A

Memory T cells

139
Q

responsible in the body’s cell mediated immune response. Particularly important in protection against viruses, tumors and pathogens that are resistant to killing by normal neutrophils and macrophages.

A

T lymphocyte

140
Q

Most mucosal secretions (respiratory and intestinal) are known to contain ***

A

IgA

141
Q

Plays a role in the activation of the adaptive immune response

A

Macrophages

142
Q

systems where we can find mucosal secretions

A

respiratory and intestinal

143
Q

the cytotoxic cells

A

Natural Killer Cells.

144
Q

external defenses

A

Skin.
Mucous Membranes.
Normal Floras.
Protective secretions and enzymes.

145
Q

Antigen-Antibody Reaction: is found in the liver; causes opsonization, chemotaxis and
dissolution of bacteria called lysis.

A

Complement System

146
Q

actively defend against pathogens (i.e. parasitic worms, protozoa fungi) that are too large for phagocytes to ingest. In addition, play a role in fighting viral infections, which is evident from the abundance of RNAses they contain within their granules.

A

eosinophils

147
Q

a test used to diagnose conditions such as typhoid fever, hepatitis B and tularemia. organisms are introduced into a sample serum and observed for clumping with agglutinins

A

Agglutination

148
Q

pyrogens which produced by the body (i.e. interleukin-1)

A

endogenous pyrogens

149
Q

Name of macrophage in liver

A

Kupffer’s Cells

150
Q

Granulocytes 1st to respond but has short lifespan

A

neutrophils

151
Q

Find out if the patient has a family history of cancer or hematologic or immune disorders. Ask about his home and work environments to help determine if he’s being exposed to hazardous chemicals or other agents

A

Family and social History

152
Q

is a process where in B cells recognize foreign materials.

A

Antigen-Antibody Reaction

153
Q

The internal defense system of the body is primarily controlled by the inflammatory process.

A

internal defenses

154
Q

They are immunoomnipotent since they have the ability to recognize specific antigens and stimulate specific antibodies.

A

Agranulocytes

155
Q

compete for nutrients and space with transient, potential pathogens. Some of them are capable of producing substances that retard the growth of transient or invading organisms.

A

normal floras

156
Q

The Suppressor and helper T cells; oversee immunological
processes; the t cell responsible in controlling other types of cells that are included in
the T cell population.

A

regulator t cell

157
Q

These are antigen found inside the body which causes self-destruction

A

Self-Antigens

158
Q

When injury occurs in the body, all the innate and to some degree the adaptive defense mechanisms are directed toward localizing the effects of the injury, protecting against microbial invasion at the site and preparing the site for repair. This process is known as

A

inflammation

159
Q

protects us against the invasion
of pathogens.

A

immune system

160
Q

Antigen-Antibody Reaction: are antibody binds with antigen causing dissolution resulting in the formation of precipitates: PRECIPITATION.

A

Precipitins

161
Q

stage: Activation of both types of cells; more macrophages arrive at the site of antigen in response to the release of lymphokines

A

Response Stage

162
Q

the final line of defense

A

adaptive immunity

163
Q

Lymphokine that transforms non-sensitized cells into sensitized cells.

A

Transfer Factor leukocytes

164
Q

Name of macrophage in spleen

A

Sinusoidal lining cells

165
Q

Immunoglobulins:

A

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD

166
Q

exudates that indicates large damage within capillaries because it allowed large molecules of protein to pass through,

A

fibrinous exudate

167
Q

the manifestation that is induced by pyrogens (substances which act directly in the thermoreguatory center).

A

fever

168
Q

pathway triggered when complement proteins come in contact with microbial surfaces that do not contain regulatory proteins

A

alternate pathway

169
Q

-primarily found in the intravascular fluids
-the first antibodies that respond to infection
-largest immunoglobulin
-first antibody that is produced during the initial response to infection or injury
-synthesized early in neonatal life
-their main function is to protect the body against viral and bacterial invasion

A

IgM

170
Q

Types of B cells: produces immunoglobulins

A

Plasma Cells

171
Q

Ig that can pass through the placental barrier

A

IgG

172
Q

Accurately assessing the immune system can challenge your skills because immune disorders commonly cause vague symptoms, such as fatigue or dyspnea. Initially, these symptoms may seem to be related to other body systems.

A

Assessment

173
Q

the primary site where majority of
the components of the immune system are produced.

A

Bone Marrow

174
Q

mechanism that released by T cells that activates macrophages and other immune cells causing phagocytosis.

A

Release of lymphokines

175
Q

Distribution of Macrophages in Various Tissue Sites

A

Alveolus
Connective Tissue
Liver
Spleen

176
Q

Two types of antigen:

A

a. Foreign
b. Self-Antigens

177
Q

often take the first stand during an infection. They attack any invaders in large numbers and “eat” until they die

A

Granulocytes

178
Q

There are two types of WBC, .

A

the Granulocyte and Agranulocyte

179
Q

The response from innate immunity is always the same regardless of the type of offending antigen or the number of encounters with the same antigen.

A

true

180
Q

Two Types of Responses:

A

a. Primary Immune Response
b. Secondary Immune Response

181
Q

Group of genes that code for proteins found on cells

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

182
Q

Antigen-Antibody Reaction: combines with antigen and neutralizes toxins released causing

A

Antitoxin/Neutralizing Antibody

183
Q

where T lymphocytes mature.

A

Thymus Gland

184
Q

Manifestations of Inflammation

A

Local Manifestations.
Systemic manifestation

185
Q

plays a role in the coordination of cellular and humoral immunity. They are produced in the bone marrow, migrate in the thymus gland where they mature and then later on transfer to the lymphoid organs where they wait for pathogens.

A

T lymphocyte

186
Q

Factors Influencing Immune Response:

A

a. Age
b. CHON deficiency
c. Stress- decrease immunity
d. Diseases
e. Radiation
f. Meds like steroids
g. Anti-Cancer Drugs

187
Q

An immunological defense against injury, infection or allergy marked by increases in regional blood flow, immigration of WBCs and release of chemical toxins.

A

inflammation

188
Q

Antigen-Antibody Reaction: causes opsonization which causes destruction of bacterial cell wall

A

Opsonins

189
Q

In Systemic Manifestations of inflammation. three primary systemic changes
associated with the acute inflammatory response are

A

fever, leukocytosis and increased levels in circulating plasma proteins.

190
Q

Class of lymphocyte that is responsible in the production of specific antibodies for the body as well as for the immune system’s memory of previous pathogens

A

B Lymphocytes

191
Q

type of immunity: transplacental/colostrum

A

Natural Passive Immunity

192
Q

type of b cells: Cells responsible for the immune system’s
ability to remember pathogens that have previously invaded the body. Once the immune system memorized the pathogen, the response of the immune system is more immediate and more efficient

A

memory cells

193
Q

Ig that is pentameric; has many complement cascade

A

IgM

194
Q

mechanism that causes lysis to antigen which binds to antibodies

A

Generation of lymphokines

195
Q

causes secondary response which is stronger and more effective than the primary response.

A

memory

196
Q

Name of macrophage in alveolus

A

Alveolar Macrophages/Dust Cells

197
Q

is acquired immunity

A

Passive Immunity

198
Q

Lymphokine that respond to virus though inhibiting its growth and multiplication.

A

Interferon

199
Q

its activity reaches its peak in childhood, and the gland begins to shrink in size after puberty.

A

thymus gland

200
Q

T cells that prevent or modify the function of the two adaptive immunity systems.

A

Suppressor T cells

201
Q

exudates that are from mucous
membranes

A

catarrhal or mucoid exudates

202
Q

Forms of Antigen-Antibody Reaction:

A

a. Antitoxin/Neutralizing Antibody
b. Agglutinins
c. Opsonins
d. Precipitins
e. Complement System

203
Q

used to determine the cell count and type, cellular maturation, cellular abnormalities and iron stores

A

Bone Marrow Aspiration

204
Q

Predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site arriving within 6-12 hours after the initial injury. Most efficient and responsive of the phagocytic cells involved in the inflammatory process.

A

Neutrophils

205
Q

they are always at war. They
flow through your bloodstream to fight viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders that
threaten your health.

A

WBC

206
Q

ability to recognize self from non-self.

A

recognition

207
Q

Has the ability to recognize host cells that have been altered by viral infection and phagocytic cells that harbor intracellular bacteria or viruses.

A

Natural Killer Cells.

208
Q

cytokines that are cell specific like NK cells

A

Interferons

209
Q

they attract other components of the inflammatory response;

A

chemotactic factors

210
Q

used to detect the presence of a specific antibody

A

Complement fixation

211
Q

can be used for antigen detection using a specific antibody

A

Radioimmunoassay

212
Q

Lymphokine that attracts neutrophils and macrophages to the site.

A

LDCF (Lymphocyte Derived Chemotactic Factor)

213
Q

located anatomically in the anterior superior mediastinum, in front of the heart and behind the sternum

A

Thymus Gland

214
Q

immunity that is the formation of antibodies within body itself.

A

active immunity

215
Q

 Induce induction of antiviral proteins thereby conferring protection of uninfected cells
 Enhances inflammatory response by increasing the microbiocidal activity of macrophages

A

interferons

216
Q

stage: Recognition of non-self from self and then the macrophages find them, digest them and then later on present them to lymphocytes

A

Recognition Stage

217
Q

3 types of granulocyte

A

a. Basophils
b. Eosinophils.
c. Neutrophils

218
Q

Lymphokine that activates Tcells to produce antibodies and the formation of cytotoxic cells.

A

Interleukin II

219
Q

allowed by virtue of the increase in vascular permeability which allows WBCs (particularly neutrophils and monocytes) to migrate into the site of injury to engulf foreign microorganisms, injured or dead cells

A

cellular response

220
Q

stage: Continuation of the production of antibodies by B cells and get help from helper T cells; attachment of cytolytic and cytotoxic cells into antigens

A

Effector Stage

221
Q

MHC for cytotoxic T cell (Tc)

A

MHC Class I

222
Q

Directly kill infected host cells by releasing from their cytoplasmic granules proteins and other substances that produce holes in plasma membranes of infected cells and activate enzymes that induce cellular death.

A

Natural Killer Cells.

223
Q

Cells Involved in the Inflammatory Process

A

White Blood Cells

224
Q

-present in the blood in extremely small amounts
-mediates hypersensitivity reactions
-also a defense against parasitic infection

A

IgE

225
Q

T cells that produce biochemical mediators that stimulate the production of NK cells that target tumor cells and virally infected cells

A

Helper T cells

226
Q

Functions of MHC

A

-humoral and cell radiated immune response
-antigen recognition by t cells
- determining if transported tissues is histocompatible/histoincompatible

227
Q

A protein molecule which is composed of *****, is released by tissue cells to form clots/fibrin which localizes site of inflammation which in turn provides a framework for tissue.

A

fibrinogen + thromboplastin + platelets

228
Q

T lymphocyte are produced in
the ***, migrate in the ** where they mature and then later on transfer to the ** where they wait for pathogens.

A

bone marrow
thymus gland
lymphoid organs

229
Q

type of immunity: individual forms antibodies upon exposure.

A

Natural Active Immunity

230
Q

T cells that is responsible for the delayed hypersensitivity reaction and cytolytic cells.

A

effector t cells

231
Q

administered to identify which antigens result in an allergic reaction in the patient

A

Allergy tests

232
Q

When stimulated, they degranulate and release vasoactive mediators that act on smooth muscle and blood vessel walls and respond to allergy

A

basophils

233
Q

granulocyte is aka

A

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

234
Q

most abundant WBC (comprising 55-70 %) which are responsible for much of the body’s protection against infection.

A

Neutrophils

235
Q

Types of B cells

A

Plasma Cells
Memory Cells

MedSurg AM (3 decks)

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