Immunologic Nursing Flashcards
1
Q
an immunoglobulin involved in
macroparasite defense and allergy.
A
IgE
2
Q
the development of protection of the body in response to agents that are considered foreign.
A
immunity
3
Q
They provide internal protection through enhancing macrophage function and directly killing infected cells.
A
Natural Killer Cells.
4
Q
Pyrogens are classified as either:
A
endogenous pyrogens
exogenous pyrogens
5
Q
exudates that are the fluid portion of coagulated blood; thin, watery, sticky substance one example is blisters from burns
A
serous
6
Q
Ig that has antibacterial, antiviral and antitoxic properties.
A
IgA
7
Q
step in exudate elimination that occurs when there is a formation of an abnormal tract between two hallow organs
A
Formation of fistula
8
Q
-“secretory immunoglobulin”
-called such because they are found in the exocrine secretions of the body (milk, mucus, saliva and tears)
-protects the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, digestive and genital tracts from pathogenic invasion by preventing the attachment of bacteria to epithelial surfaces.
A
IgA
9
Q
presence of granules in their cytoplasm which represent discrete packets of enzymes used to digest the engulfed microbes or foreign materials
A
Granulocytes
10
Q
result of precipitins
A
precipitation
11
Q
Ig that functions in the digestive tract of infant through milk
It is the secretory Ig (tears, saliva, milk)
A
IgA
12
Q
generally used to denote one particular set of immunoglobulins known to have specificity for a particular antigen
A
Antibody
13
Q
its activation and collaboration with other components of the inflammatory response
A
complementary system
14
Q
Ig in Secondary Immune Response
A
IgG
15
Q
Granulocytes involved in allergy
A
basophils
16
Q
least common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.01% to 0.3% of circulating white blood cells.
A
basophils
17
Q
Response is produced within hours of contact with an offending antigen but no memory of the immunologic event is produced for future protection hence, innate immunity is said to be short term and temporary.
A
INNATE IMMUNITY
18
Q
In systemic manifestations, this entails an increase in the number of circulating WBCs. It is stimulated by the release of biochemical mediators.
A
leukocytosis
19
Q
WBC that has no cytoplasm
A
Agranulocytes
20
Q
stage of inflammation that starts when the injurious agent has been removed and the wound debris has been cleared away.
A
repair
21
Q
prevents entry of harmful agents into the body and keratinized surface cells of the skin provide a tough, dense, waterproof covering.
A
skin
22
Q
stage of inflammation that involves A protein molecule which is composed of fibrinogen + thromboplastin + platelets, is released by tissue cells to form clots/fibrin which localizes site of inflammation which in turn provides a framework for tissue.
A
repair
23
Q
immunity cells
A
WBC
24
Q
Type of immune response:
A
occurs when antigen enters the body for the first time= production of antibodies (IgM is the first to be synthesized).
25
pathways of complement activation:
a. Classic pathway
b. Alternate pathway
26
types of passive immunity
a. Natural Passive Immunity
b. Artificial Passive Immunity-
27
protects the GI from invasion of
foreign organisms;
tonsils, appendix, peyer’s patches
28
where the B and T lymphocytes are produced and where B lymphocytes mature.
Bone Marrow
29
Inspect the skin and mucous membranes for any wounds or lesions
Assess lymph nodes for enlargement or tenderness
Assess for signs of infection anywhere in the body
Physical Assessment
30
consists of anatomic and chemical barriers that recognize and respond to damaged self-cells or non-self foreign antigens.
Innate immunity
31
group of proteins produced by various cells when invaded by foreign organisms. They are capable of inhibiting cell growth by slowing down cell replication and enhancing NK cell activity.
32
Two mechanisms of Cellular or Cell Mediated Immunity:
Generation of lymphokines
Release of lymphokines
33
network of interacting cells, plasma, protein and organs that defend the body against invasion of microorganism causing damage to it.
Immune system
34
often called the immune response which develops more slowly compared to the inflammatory response.
adaptive immunity
35
o Transitory vasoconstriction occurs first in an attempt to prevent bleeding and localize the infection or injury.
o Transitory vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation leading to increased blood flow to the site of injury.
o The release of vasoactive mediators also increases vascular permeability which allows outpouring of plasma and some blood components into the injured area causing swelling.
Vascular Response
36
T cells that responsible for the cell mediated destruction of tumor cells or cells infected with virus.
Must directly adhere to the target cell through antigen presented by MHC class I molecules and appropriate CD molecules.
CD4+ cells for HIV
Killer T Cells or Cytotoxic T Cells
37
where mature immune cells are stored
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
38
Antigen-Antibody Reaction: antibodies that causes clamping; all antigens with same sizes
clump causing agglutination.
Agglutinins
39
Details of previous infections, exposure to infection, neoplastic disease, autoimmune disorders, allergies, immunizations and condition of non-specific defenses and factors that may affect them
Past Health History
40
Granulocytes involved in backing up when phagocytosis arent enough
eosinophils
41
WBCs which are responsible for most of the body’s adaptive immune response.
lymphocytes
42
organs/tissues responsible for the
Immune Response:
1. Primary Lymphoid Organs
Bone Marrow
Thymus Gland
2.Secondary Lymphoid Organs
43
*** are significant because it dilute toxins released by bacteria, bring to site substances necessary for tissue repair, and serves as medium for phagocytic cells to migrate into the area to engulf harmful agents, injured cells.
Inflammatory exudates
44
They play a primary role in inflammation and destroy foreign bodies through phagocytosis.
Neutrophils
45
type of immunity: in the use of vaccines and toxoids to stimulate homologous antibody.
Artificial Active Immunity
46
lines all body tracts that have external openings. It is covered by viscous secretions that tend to trap and inactivate microorganisms.
mucous membranes
47
cytokines that are process specific like adaptive and innate process
Interleukins.
48
type of immune rsponse: (made possible by memory cells) happens during subsequent exposure.
Secondary Immune Response
49
activation of complement system is characterized by the release of
opsonins, chemotactic factors, and anaphylatoxins
50
is brought about by the release of vasoactive mediators (histamine, serotonin, kinins).
vascular response
51
Secondary Lymphoid Organs is composed of
tonsils, appendix, peyer’s patches
52
stage of inflammation. It begins just after the injury and most active within the first 24 hours. Exudates that are formed depends on the cause and extent of injury.
Formation of Inflammatory Exudates.
53
any material that is foreign or perceived as non-self (which are mostly protein) which results to the production of antibodies
ANTIGEN/IMMUNOGEN
54
Stages of Inflammation
1. Vascular-Cellular Response
2. Formation of Inflammatory Exudates.
3. Repair
55
Lymphokine that causes lysis of the antigen.
Lymphotoxins
56
Its action is said to be specific and has memory which enables it to confer permanent or long term protection against specific microorganisms.
adaptive immunity
57
pyrogens which is induced by pathogens. Leukocytosis entails an increase in the number of circulating WBCs
exogenous pyrogens
58
result of agglutinins
agglutination.
59
thought to be the precursors of macrophages that are fixed in tissues
Monocytes
60
have protein receptors on their
cell surface that allows binding with IgE
basophils
61
what to assess in physical assessment
skin, lymph nodes, signs of infection
62
it is due to this cell that there is cancer
they have antigen receptors
T lymphocytes
63
pathway triggered by the formation of immune
complexes
Classic pathway
64
usually the first cells to arrive at the site of an infection.
Neutrophils
65
Some of the ***
that are released to the skin surface by the sebaceous glands have antimicrobial property and inhibit the growth of selected microorganisms.
fatty acids
66
TYPES of IMMUNITY:
Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
67
molecules that induce rapid degranulation of mast cells thus increasing inflammation.
anaphylatoxins
68
MHC for helper T cell (TH)
MHC Class II
69
Identifies and measures the amount of serum proteins
Electrophoresis
70
result of Antitoxin/Neutralizing Antibody
neutralization
71
Stages of Combined Humoral and Cell Mediated Immunity
1. Recognition Stage
2. Proliferation
3. Response Stage
4. Effector Stage
72
results of complement system
opsonization, chemotaxis and
dissolution
73
stage: Proliferation and differentiation of different types of B and T cells
Proliferation
74
Functions of Eosinophils:
Serve as body’s primary defense against parasites.
Regulate vascular mediators released from mast cells.
75
types of active immunity
a. Natural Active Immunity
b. Artificial Active Immunity-
76
type of immunity: injections of anti-sera from immuned persons
and/or animals
Artificial Passive Immunity
77
functions of adaptive immunity
specific and has memory
78
If the antigens are successful in penetrating external protective barriers, an even more complex array of internal defense mechanism comes to play.
internal defenses
79
are considered important cellular mediators of the inflammatory response
Macrophages
80
Types of T Lymphocytes
Killer T Cells or Cytotoxic T Cells
Helper T Cells
Suppressor T Cells
Memory T Cells
81
In Local Manifestations of inflammation. All the local characteristics of acute inflammation result from vascular changes and subsequent leakage of circulating components of the tissue:
redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), loss of function (function laesa).
82
A complex collection of circulating and membrane-associated proteins.
Complement System
83
Immunoglobulins:
-predominant class of antibodies in normal adults
-primary function is to neutralize toxins and inactivate viruses and bacteria.
-constitutes about 80-85% of the immunoglobulins in the blood and accounts for most of the protective activity against infection
IgG
84
These are antigen coming outside the body.
Foreign
85
Migrate to the site slower compared to neutrophils because they move more sluggishly and their need for chemotactic factors which are released by neutrophils
Macrophages
86
contains large amounts of RBC’s which indicates damage within the capillaries themselves.
hemorrhagic or sanguineous
87
Major Cytokines:
interferons
interleukins
88
step in exudate elimination that is being done done by the action of macrophages where in it engulfs/absorbs dead tissues
absorption
89
three properties of the immune system
specificity, memory, recognition
90
NK cells' ability to protect is enhanced by macrophages coming in contact with microbes and secreting the ***
NK-activating cytokine interleukin-12.
91
o antibody mediated immune response where B cells are the ones predominant
o antigen enters the body = B cells are the one to recognize presence of antigen = B cells then undergo differentiation (plasma cell and memory cell) = plasma cells further differentiate into specific immunoglobulin that is necessary in fighting the infection/antigen
Humural Immune Response
92
how many days will it take for the body to produce antibodies. therefore, the person develops
infection in primary immune response
4-8 days
93
Diagnostic Procedures
Bone Marrow Aspiration
Electrophoresis
Radioimmunoassay
Immunofluorescence
Agglutination
Complement fixation
Allergy tests
94
step in exudate elimination that is when the infected area is incised and the exudates are drained
manually.
Incision and drainage
95
dissolution of bacteria
lysis
96
Ig in Primary Immune Response
IgM
97
known to provide a powerful and specific initial defense mechanism that targets, controls and even eradicates microbes before adaptive immunity is activated.
INNATE IMMUNITY
98
Ig found mostly in the surface of B cells
IgD
99
molecules that coat bacteria and increase their susceptibility to being eaten and killed by inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and macrophages
opsonins
100
hormones which control T lymphocyte activity and other various functions of the immune system
thymosins
101
widely distributed collection of both free and fixed macrophages derived from bone marrow precursor cells by way of monocytes
Mononuclear Phagocytic System (MPS
102
It consists of a large number of proteins that together constitute about 10% of the total circulating serum protein.
Complement System
103
Ask these questions to elicit details about your patient’s current illness in present health history
* Have you noticed enlarged lymph nodes?
* Have you experienced weakness or joint pain? If so, when did you first notice the problem? Does it affect one side of your body or both sides?
* Have you recently had a rash, abnormal bleeding, or a slow healing sore?
* Have you experienced vision disturbances, fever, or changes in elimination
patterns?
* Have you felt more tired recently? If so, when did it start?
104
exudates thicker than serous because of the presence of pus,
purulent or suppurative exudate
105
make up about 1-3 % of the WBC
eosinophils
106
ability to “remember” pathogens that have previously invaded the body
memory
107
a term used for all molecules that are known to have specificity for antigen
Immunoglobulins
108
In Formation of Inflammatory Exudates, Inflammatory exudates formation is brought about by the *** and the toxins released by offending microorganism or injured cells.
extravasation of plasma and blood components
109
White blood cells are also called
leukocytes
110
steps How exudates are eliminated
absorption, incision and drainage, and fistula formation.
111
the largest normal blood cells. They are produced in the bone marrow, enter the circulation and migrate to the inflammatory site, where they develop into macrophages.
Monocytes
112
property that says the immune system is capable of producing antibodies that attack specific antigens
specificity
113
Vaccines can either be:
(a) killed; (b) live- attenuated, weakened; (c) toxoids.
114
Lymphokine that promotes adherence of antibodies to the surface of the antigen.
Macrophage Activating Factor (MAF)
115
Two categories of Cellular or Cell Mediated Immunity:
Effector T cells
Regulator T cells
116
Innate immune system components have receptors, known as *** that recognize cell markers common to various types of microbes that are
not present on host cells.
pattern recognition
receptors
117
Ig that is transplacental
IgG
118
Better than neutrophils when it comes to long term defense against infectious agents because they can survive and divide in the acidic inflammatory site
Macrophages
119
major storage depot for macrophages and lymphocytes.
spleen
120
Cells Mediated Adaptive Immunity
B and T lymphocytes
121
used to identify antibodies specific for an antigen. It is used to
identify viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa.
Immunofluorescence
122
sanguineous means
bloody
123
Types of Exudates
serous, catarrhal or mucoid exudates, purulent or suppurative exudate, fibrinous exudate, hemorrhagic or sanguineous
124
1st stage of inflammation
Vascular-Cellular Response
125
thymus gland produces
thymosins
126
Major functions of the immune system
defense, maintenance of homeostasis; and surveillance
127
acidity of gastric secretions (approximately pH2) kills many organisms and detoxifies certain potentially toxic substances
Protective secretions and enzymes.
128
Lymphokine that suppresses movement of antibodies so that they will remain in the site.
Migration Inhibition Factor (MIF)
129
Types of Lymphokines:
a. LDCF (Lymphocyte Derived Chemotactic Factor)
b. Migration Inhibition Factor (MIF) and Macrophage Activating Factor (MAF)
c. Transfer Factor leukocytes
d. Lymphotoxins
e. Interferon
f. Interleukin II
130
They are produced predominantly by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to their recognition of a pathogen or stimulation by other products of inflammation.
interleukins
131
cells that ingest
Macrophages
132
contains acetic acid and salt which are considered toxic to many pathogenic microorganisms.
sweat
133
A distinct protein that are primarily produced by WBC which provide signal to regulate immunological aspects of cell growth and function during both inflammation and specific immune response
cytokines
134
result of opsonin
opsonization
135
how many days will it take to produce antibody in secondary immune rsponse. therefore, the person does not develop the infection; IgG.
1-2 days
136
two types of Agranulocyte:
Lymphocytes.
Monocytes
137
Name of macrophage in connective tissue
Histiocytes
138
T cells that remembers contact with specific antigens and immediately respond in subsequent exposures.
Memory T cells
139
responsible in the body’s cell mediated immune response. Particularly important in protection against viruses, tumors and pathogens that are resistant to killing by normal neutrophils and macrophages.
T lymphocyte
140
Most mucosal secretions (respiratory and intestinal) are known to contain ***
IgA
141
Plays a role in the activation of the adaptive immune response
Macrophages
142
systems where we can find mucosal secretions
respiratory and intestinal
143
the cytotoxic cells
Natural Killer Cells.
144
external defenses
Skin.
Mucous Membranes.
Normal Floras.
Protective secretions and enzymes.
145
Antigen-Antibody Reaction: is found in the liver; causes opsonization, chemotaxis and
dissolution of bacteria called lysis.
Complement System
146
actively defend against pathogens (i.e. parasitic worms, protozoa fungi) that are too large for phagocytes to ingest. In addition, play a role in fighting viral infections, which is evident from the abundance of RNAses they contain within their granules.
eosinophils
147
a test used to diagnose conditions such as typhoid fever, hepatitis B and tularemia. organisms are introduced into a sample serum and observed for clumping with agglutinins
Agglutination
148
pyrogens which produced by the body (i.e. interleukin-1)
endogenous pyrogens
149
Name of macrophage in liver
Kupffer’s Cells
150
Granulocytes 1st to respond but has short lifespan
neutrophils
151
Find out if the patient has a family history of cancer or hematologic or immune disorders. Ask about his home and work environments to help determine if he’s being exposed to hazardous chemicals or other agents
Family and social History
152
is a process where in B cells recognize foreign materials.
Antigen-Antibody Reaction
153
The internal defense system of the body is primarily controlled by the inflammatory process.
internal defenses
154
They are immunoomnipotent since they have the ability to recognize specific antigens and stimulate specific antibodies.
Agranulocytes
155
compete for nutrients and space with transient, potential pathogens. Some of them are capable of producing substances that retard the growth of transient or invading organisms.
normal floras
156
The Suppressor and helper T cells; oversee immunological
processes; the t cell responsible in controlling other types of cells that are included in
the T cell population.
regulator t cell
157
These are antigen found inside the body which causes self-destruction
Self-Antigens
158
When injury occurs in the body, all the innate and to some degree the adaptive defense mechanisms are directed toward localizing the effects of the injury, protecting against microbial invasion at the site and preparing the site for repair. This process is known as
inflammation
159
protects us against the invasion
of pathogens.
immune system
160
Antigen-Antibody Reaction: are antibody binds with antigen causing dissolution resulting in the formation of precipitates: PRECIPITATION.
Precipitins
161
stage: Activation of both types of cells; more macrophages arrive at the site of antigen in response to the release of lymphokines
Response Stage
162
the final line of defense
adaptive immunity
163
Lymphokine that transforms non-sensitized cells into sensitized cells.
Transfer Factor leukocytes
164
Name of macrophage in spleen
Sinusoidal lining cells
165
Immunoglobulins:
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
166
exudates that indicates large damage within capillaries because it allowed large molecules of protein to pass through,
fibrinous exudate
167
the manifestation that is induced by pyrogens (substances which act directly in the thermoreguatory center).
fever
168
pathway triggered when complement proteins come in contact with microbial surfaces that do not contain regulatory proteins
alternate pathway
169
-primarily found in the intravascular fluids
-the first antibodies that respond to infection
-largest immunoglobulin
-first antibody that is produced during the initial response to infection or injury
-synthesized early in neonatal life
-their main function is to protect the body against viral and bacterial invasion
IgM
170
Types of B cells: produces immunoglobulins
Plasma Cells
171
Ig that can pass through the placental barrier
IgG
172
Accurately assessing the immune system can challenge your skills because immune disorders commonly cause vague symptoms, such as fatigue or dyspnea. Initially, these symptoms may seem to be related to other body systems.
Assessment
173
the primary site where majority of
the components of the immune system are produced.
Bone Marrow
174
mechanism that released by T cells that activates macrophages and other immune cells causing phagocytosis.
Release of lymphokines
175
Distribution of Macrophages in Various Tissue Sites
Alveolus
Connective Tissue
Liver
Spleen
176
Two types of antigen:
a. Foreign
b. Self-Antigens
177
often take the first stand during an infection. They attack any invaders in large numbers and "eat" until they die
Granulocytes
178
There are two types of WBC, .
the Granulocyte and Agranulocyte
179
The response from innate immunity is always the same regardless of the type of offending antigen or the number of encounters with the same antigen.
true
180
Two Types of Responses:
a. Primary Immune Response
b. Secondary Immune Response
181
Group of genes that code for proteins found on cells
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
182
Antigen-Antibody Reaction: combines with antigen and neutralizes toxins released causing
Antitoxin/Neutralizing Antibody
183
where T lymphocytes mature.
Thymus Gland
184
Manifestations of Inflammation
Local Manifestations.
Systemic manifestation
185
plays a role in the coordination of cellular and humoral immunity. They are produced in the bone marrow, migrate in the thymus gland where they mature and then later on transfer to the lymphoid organs where they wait for pathogens.
T lymphocyte
186
Factors Influencing Immune Response:
a. Age
b. CHON deficiency
c. Stress- decrease immunity
d. Diseases
e. Radiation
f. Meds like steroids
g. Anti-Cancer Drugs
187
An immunological defense against injury, infection or allergy marked by increases in regional blood flow, immigration of WBCs and release of chemical toxins.
inflammation
188
Antigen-Antibody Reaction: causes opsonization which causes destruction of bacterial cell wall
Opsonins
189
In Systemic Manifestations of inflammation. three primary systemic changes
associated with the acute inflammatory response are
fever, leukocytosis and increased levels in circulating plasma proteins.
190
Class of lymphocyte that is responsible in the production of specific antibodies for the body as well as for the immune system’s memory of previous pathogens
B Lymphocytes
191
type of immunity: transplacental/colostrum
Natural Passive Immunity
192
type of b cells: Cells responsible for the immune system’s
ability to remember pathogens that have previously invaded the body. Once the immune system memorized the pathogen, the response of the immune system is more immediate and more efficient
memory cells
193
Ig that is pentameric; has many complement cascade
IgM
194
mechanism that causes lysis to antigen which binds to antibodies
Generation of lymphokines
195
causes secondary response which is stronger and more effective than the primary response.
memory
196
Name of macrophage in alveolus
Alveolar Macrophages/Dust Cells
197
is acquired immunity
Passive Immunity
198
Lymphokine that respond to virus though inhibiting its growth and multiplication.
Interferon
199
its activity reaches its peak in childhood, and the gland begins to shrink in size after puberty.
thymus gland
200
T cells that prevent or modify the function of the two adaptive immunity systems.
Suppressor T cells
201
exudates that are from mucous
membranes
catarrhal or mucoid exudates
202
Forms of Antigen-Antibody Reaction:
a. Antitoxin/Neutralizing Antibody
b. Agglutinins
c. Opsonins
d. Precipitins
e. Complement System
203
used to determine the cell count and type, cellular maturation, cellular abnormalities and iron stores
Bone Marrow Aspiration
204
Predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site arriving within 6-12 hours after the initial injury. Most efficient and responsive of the phagocytic cells involved in the inflammatory process.
Neutrophils
205
they are always at war. They
flow through your bloodstream to fight viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders that
threaten your health.
WBC
206
ability to recognize self from non-self.
recognition
207
Has the ability to recognize host cells that have been altered by viral infection and phagocytic cells that harbor intracellular bacteria or viruses.
Natural Killer Cells.
208
cytokines that are cell specific like NK cells
Interferons
209
they attract other components of the inflammatory response;
chemotactic factors
210
used to detect the presence of a specific antibody
Complement fixation
211
can be used for antigen detection using a specific antibody
Radioimmunoassay
212
Lymphokine that attracts neutrophils and macrophages to the site.
LDCF (Lymphocyte Derived Chemotactic Factor)
213
located anatomically in the anterior superior mediastinum, in front of the heart and behind the sternum
Thymus Gland
214
immunity that is the formation of antibodies within body itself.
active immunity
215
Induce induction of antiviral proteins thereby conferring protection of uninfected cells
Enhances inflammatory response by increasing the microbiocidal activity of macrophages
interferons
216
stage: Recognition of non-self from self and then the macrophages find them, digest them and then later on present them to lymphocytes
Recognition Stage
217
3 types of granulocyte
a. Basophils
b. Eosinophils.
c. Neutrophils
218
Lymphokine that activates Tcells to produce antibodies and the formation of cytotoxic cells.
Interleukin II
219
allowed by virtue of the increase in vascular permeability which allows WBCs (particularly neutrophils and monocytes) to migrate into the site of injury to engulf foreign microorganisms, injured or dead cells
cellular response
220
stage: Continuation of the production of antibodies by B cells and get help from helper T cells; attachment of cytolytic and cytotoxic cells into antigens
Effector Stage
221
MHC for cytotoxic T cell (Tc)
MHC Class I
222
Directly kill infected host cells by releasing from their cytoplasmic granules proteins and other substances that produce holes in plasma membranes of infected cells and activate enzymes that induce cellular death.
Natural Killer Cells.
223
Cells Involved in the Inflammatory Process
White Blood Cells
224
-present in the blood in extremely small amounts
-mediates hypersensitivity reactions
-also a defense against parasitic infection
IgE
225
T cells that produce biochemical mediators that stimulate the production of NK cells that target tumor cells and virally infected cells
Helper T cells
226
Functions of MHC
-humoral and cell radiated immune response
-antigen recognition by t cells
- determining if transported tissues is histocompatible/histoincompatible
227
A protein molecule which is composed of *****, is released by tissue cells to form clots/fibrin which localizes site of inflammation which in turn provides a framework for tissue.
fibrinogen + thromboplastin + platelets
228
T lymphocyte are produced in
the ***, migrate in the ** where they mature and then later on transfer to the ** where they wait for pathogens.
bone marrow
thymus gland
lymphoid organs
229
type of immunity: individual forms antibodies upon exposure.
Natural Active Immunity
230
T cells that is responsible for the delayed hypersensitivity reaction and cytolytic cells.
effector t cells
231
administered to identify which antigens result in an allergic reaction in the patient
Allergy tests
232
When stimulated, they degranulate and release vasoactive mediators that act on smooth muscle and blood vessel walls and respond to allergy
basophils
233
granulocyte is aka
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
234
most abundant WBC (comprising 55-70 %) which are responsible for much of the body’s protection against infection.
Neutrophils
235
Types of B cells
Plasma Cells
Memory Cells
