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PALS > Lesson 1: Foundational Concepts > Flashcards

Lesson 1: Foundational Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 actions of the in-hospital cardiac chain of survival?

A

Surveillance and Prevention
Recognition of cardiac emergency and activation of emergency response system
Early high-quality CPR
Pediatric advanced life support
Integrated post-cardiac arrest care
Recovery

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2
Q

What are the six actions of the out-of-hospital cardiac chain of survival?

A

Prevention
Recognition of cardiac emergency and activation of emergency response system
Early high-quality CPR
Pediatric Advanced Life Support
Integrated post-cardiac arrest care
Recovery

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3
Q

What is the proper rate of compressions?

A

100-120 compressions per minute

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4
Q

How long should it take to complete 30 compressions?

A

15-18 seconds

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5
Q

How long should it take to complete 15 compressions?

A

7-9 seconds

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6
Q

What is the desired compression depth of infants and children?

A

Infants: 1 1/2 inches
Children: 2 inches

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7
Q

How long should each ventilation last?

A

About 1 second

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8
Q

How is Tidal Volume calculated in the pediatric patient?

A

5-8 mL/kg of ideal body weight

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9
Q

What are some dangers of excessive ventilations?

A

Increased intrathoracic pressure (decreased venous return and cardiac output)
Gastric insufflation (regurgitation and aspiration)

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10
Q

How often should providers switch off giving compressions?

A

Every 2 minutes or sooner.

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11
Q

What is the chest compression fraction (CCF)?

A

% of time spent performing compressions.

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12
Q

What does capnography measure?

A

End tidal carbon dioxide level

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13
Q

What are normal end tidal carbon dioxide levels?

A

35-45 mmHg

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14
Q

Where should end tidal carbon dioxide levels be when high quality CPR is being administered?

A

15-20 mmHg

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15
Q

When should 2 initial ventilations be delivered prior to starting CPR?

A

When drowning is suspected.
When a primary respiratory etiology is suspected

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16
Q

What is the definition of a child?

A

1 year to onset of puberty (usually around 12 years)

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17
Q

Where should hands be placed to administer compressions?

A

Center of chest.
Lower half of sternum.

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18
Q

What is the compression/ventilation ratio for 1-person CPR?

A

30:2

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19
Q

What is the compression/ventilation ratio for 2-person CPR?

A

15:2

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20
Q

How long should CPR be continued?

A

Until you are relieved
ROSC
Presented with DNR
Too exhausted to continue
Situation becomes unsafe

21
Q

What are the two methods to perform compressions on the infant?

A

Encircling thumbs technique (preferred for single provider)
Two-finger technique

22
Q

Where are the thumbs placed on the encircling thumbs technique?

A

Side-by-side on the center of the chest just below the nipple line

23
Q

Where are fingers placed when administering the two-finger technique?

A

Center of chest, just below nipple line on the sternum.

24
Q

How should the airway be positioned on an infant?

A

A neutral position

25
Q

How should the airway be positioned for a child?

A

Slightly past neutral position

26
Q

When should pediatric/adult AED pads be used and how should they be placed?

A

Infants up to 1 year: pediatric, anterior/posterior
Children 8 or younger (55 lbs): pediatric, anterior/lateral
Children older than 8 (55 lbs): adult, anterior/lateral

27
Q

What is the systematic approach used to assess a pediatric patient?

A

Assess, Recognize, Care

28
Q

What are the components of the Rapid Assessment?

A

Perform visual survey (Pediatric Assessment Triangle)
Check for responsiveness

29
Q

What are the components of the Pediatric Assessment Triangle?

A

Appearance
Work of Breathing
Circulation

30
Q

How long do you assess breathing and what do you check simultaneously check?

A

10 seconds
Central Pulse (brachial in infants & carotid in children)

31
Q

At what rate should ventilations be delivered?

A

Every 2-3 seconds

32
Q

Supplemental oxygen should be provided to keep oxygen saturation at what percentage?

A

94-99%

33
Q

What is the TICLS mnemonic?

A

Tone
Interactivity
Consolability
Look/gaze
Speech/cry

34
Q

How is an OPA size determined?

A

Measure from the corner of the mouth to the angle of the jaw.

35
Q

How is a NPA size determined?

A

From the nostril to the angle of the jaw.

36
Q

When is an NPA contraindicated?

A

Maxillofacial trauma
Head trauma

37
Q

How is advanced airway placement confirmed?

A

Bilateral chest rise
Auscultation
Capnography (3, 4-point square wave forms)

38
Q

What is considered hypotension?

A

Neonate: SBP <60
Infant: SBP <70
Child: SBP <70 + (age in yrs x 2)
Adolescent: SBP <90

39
Q

What are the oxygen concentrations for the following flow rates: 1-4 LPM NC, 6-15 LPM SFM, 10-15 LPM NRB?

A

1-4 LPM NC: 24%-44%
6-5 LPM SFM: 35%-55%
10-15 LPM NRB: >60%-90%

40
Q

How is correct ETT placement confirmed?

A

Chest radiograph or ultrasound

41
Q

What is an appropriate ETT cuff inflation pressure?

A

<20-25 cm H2O

42
Q

Is cricoid pressure recommended during ETT intubation of pediatric patients?

A

No

43
Q

What is normal urine output for infants and older children?

A

Infants & young children: 1.5-2 mL/kg/hr
Adolescents: 1 mL/kg/hr

44
Q

What is the preferred IO site in infants and children?

A

Anterior proximal tibia

45
Q

What rhythms warrant synchronized cardioversion in the unstable patient?

A

SVT
A-Fib
A-Flutter
V-Tach w/ a pulse

46
Q

What is the proper electrical dose during synchronized cardioversion?

A

0.5-1 Jule/kg

47
Q

What are shockable rhythms?

A

V-Fib
Pulseless V-Tach

48
Q

What is the electrical dose for shockable rhythms?

A

2 J/kg

49
Q

What does SAMPLE stand for?

A

Signs and Symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Past medical history
Last intake/output
Events

PALS (5 decks)

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