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Empowerment Technology > Lesson 1: Computers > Flashcards

Lesson 1: Computers Flashcards

1
Q

Computers are __________

A

everywhere

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2
Q

Computers are used in your ____ _____, in your ____, in your home __________, and in your car’s ______ ______

A

cell phone; ATMs; thermostat; cruise control

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3
Q

assist you in most parts of your daily life and play a central role in worldwide communications, entertainment, education, commerce, and other business activities

A

Computers

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4
Q

Computers have been around since the late _____

A

1940s

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5
Q

Meaning of UNIVAC

A

Universal Automatic Computer

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6
Q

Meaning of ENIAC

A

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

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7
Q

was designed and built for the United States Army (government) to calculate artillery firing tables

A

ENIAC

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8
Q

used for general purpose computing with large amounts of input and output; used for military

A

UNIVAC

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9
Q

have more processing power than a UNIVAC, cost less than any of its components, and fit in the palm of your hand

A

Today’s smartphones

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10
Q

an electronic device that receives data (input), processes data, stores data, and produces a result (output)

A

Computer

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11
Q

a collection of raw unprocessed facts, including text, numbers, sound, images, and video

A

Data

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12
Q

actual machine

A

Hardware

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13
Q

Examples of Hardware (WTC)

A

Wires, Transistors, Circuits

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14
Q

instructions or programs for controlling the computer

A

Software

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15
Q

text, numbers, sound, images, or video; receives through an input device, processes it, produces the output information on an output device, and stores the information on a storage device

A

Data

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16
Q

input and output devices, such as keyboards and monitors, are types of hardware

A

Peripherals

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17
Q

data transformed into meaningful form

A

Information

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18
Q

Steps in Information Processing Cycle (IPOS)

A
  1. Input
  2. Processing
  3. Output
  4. Storage
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19
Q

you can use today’s computers efficiently to enhance your life and the lives of those around you

A

To be computer literate

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20
Q

means you understand a wide range of information about current technology and how it is used to solve problems

A

Computer Literacy

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21
Q

an economic gap between those who are computer literate and have access to computer technology, and those who do not

A

Digital Divide

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22
Q

provides the means for you to interact with the computer’s hardware

A

Software

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23
Q

runs a computer and includes the operating system and utility programs

A

System Software

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24
Q

software that coordinates the resources and activities on a computer

A

Operating System

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25
Q

helps the operating system set up, maintain, and protect a computer

A

Utility Program

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26
Q

software used to directly complete a specific task or to create something electronically

A

Application Software

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27
Q

helps you perform tasks such as writing a report, creating a video, viewing a Web page, or sending photos to a friend

A

Application Software

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28
Q

installed on a single computer and are called single-user operating systems because one user interacts with the operating system at a time

A

Personal Computer Operating Systems (PCOS)

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29
Q

Personal Computers are ____________ operating systems, which means they let you work with more than one program at a time

A

multitasking

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30
Q

Most popular personal computer operating systems are:

A
  1. Windows
  2. Mac OS
  3. Linux
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31
Q

became widespread because it ran on inexpensive personal computers created by a variety of computer manufacturers

A

Windows

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32
Q

easy to use and to personalize, and it runs more types of applications than other operating systems

A

Windows

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33
Q

runs only on Apple Macintosh computers

A

Mac OS

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34
Q

set the standard for GUI operating systems and is liked by its users for being a very secure, reliable, and easy-to-maintain operating system.

A

Mac OS

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35
Q

a personal computer operating system related to UNIX, which is an operating system developed in the late 1960s that is frequently used by scientists and programmers

A

Linux

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36
Q

Linux is released to the public as ____-______ software, meaning anyone can use, modify, and distribute it

A

open-source

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37
Q

is available in versions called distributions, including commercial and non-commercial distributions

A

Linux

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38
Q

designed for small handheld computing devices; includes features similar to a personal operating system but is simpler and smaller

A

Mobile Operating Systems

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39
Q

a cell phone that includes many features of a computer

A

Smartphone

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40
Q

_______ are one-piece mobile computers that usually include a ___________, which is a screen you touch to interact with the GUI

A

Tablets; Touchscreen

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41
Q

___ a version of Mac OS X written for Apple’s mobile devices, including iPhones and iPads

A

iOS

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42
Q

is an open-source operating system designed to run on many types of smartphones and tablets, and is derived from Linux

A

Google’s Android

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43
Q
  • Mobile operating systems primarily work as ______-____, ______-_______ operating systems
A

single-user, single-tasking

44
Q

resides on a server and is used to manage a network (a group of two or more computers linked together)

A

Server operating system

45
Q

a computer that provides network services such as e-mail to other computers, or clients

46
Q

sometimes called network operating systems

A

Server operating systems

47
Q
  • Server operating systems are _____-____ operating systems because they allow many users to run programs and use the server’s resources at the same time
A

Multi-user

48
Q

controls your computer from the time you turn on the power to the time you turn it off

A

Operating System Tasks

49
Q

takes care of technical tasks such as start-up steps, managing memory, processing input and output, controlling hardware, and ending a computer session

A

Operating Systems Tasks

50
Q

a series of steps the operating system must complete before you can interact with the operating system

A

Boot Process

51
Q

any component the system requires to do work

52
Q

The main resources are: (MPSP)

A
  1. Memory
  2. Processing Components
  3. Storage Space
  4. Peripherals
53
Q

the operating system manages ______ ______ ______ efficiently

A

random access memory (RAM)

54
Q

all programs need space in ___ to run

55
Q

the case that contains a computer’s main system components

A

system unit

56
Q

the computer’s main circuit board is called the ___________

A

motherboard

57
Q

a thin metal plate with an extensive electronic circuit

A

circuit board

58
Q
  • All of the essential chips and the circuitry that connects them are on the ___________
A

motherboard

59
Q

a single computer chip that contains all the electronic circuitry a computer needs to process data

A

central processing unit (CPU)

60
Q

a small, thin piece of silicon containing electronic circuits, which is why a chip is called an integrated circuit (IC)

61
Q

performs arithmetic calculations and logical operations

A

Control Unit

62
Q

are memory cells for temporarily storing data needed by the ALU to perform its calculations

63
Q

the CPU carries out software instructions by repeating four basic operations in the _______ _____

A

machine cycle

64
Q

4 steps in the Machine Cycle (FDES)

A
  1. Fetching
  2. Decoding
  3. Executing
  4. Storing
65
Q

retrieves an instruction or a data item from memory

66
Q

translates the instruction into a form the computer can execute

67
Q

carries out the commands in the instruction

68
Q

writes the result to memory (not to a storage medium)

69
Q

_______ and _______ make up the instruction cycle (i-cycle)

A

Fetching and decoding

70
Q

_________ and _______ make up the execution cycle (E-cycle)

A

Execution and storing

71
Q
  • Machine cycles are measured in microseconds, nanoseconds, and even picoseconds
A

Clock Speed

72
Q

Clock Speed is also called the ___________ ____, which is the number of instructions the CPU can process per second

A

Processor’s Speed

73
Q

Clock speed is stated in _________

A

Megahertz (MHZ)

74
Q

Megahertz count

A

million cycles per second

75
Q

Gigahertz count

A

billion cycles per second

76
Q

How many cycles per second are in a hertz?

A

One cycle per second

77
Q

how many bytes of data the CPU can retrieve from RAM at once

78
Q

data is roughly equivalent to one character

79
Q

a single chip that contains more than one processor

A

Multicore Processor

80
Q

each processor can work on a different task at the same time

A

Multicore Processor

81
Q

with a multicore processor, the operating system can use ______________, ____________, and ______________ to improve performance

A

multiprocessing, multitasking, and multithreading

82
Q

can enhance performance using multitasking and multithreading

A

Single-core Processor

83
Q

can run more than one program at the same time

A

Multitasking

84
Q

operating system handles many parts, or threads, of a single program

A

Multithreading

85
Q

with a single-core processor, the operating system can use only ____________ and ______________

A

multitasking and multithreading

86
Q

store data and instructions

87
Q

RAM is ________ ______ that loses its contents when you turn off the computer

A

volatile memory

88
Q
  • ROM is ___________ ______ because it is permanent; it does not lose its contents when you turn off the computer
A

nonvolatile memory

89
Q

data, information, and instructions from applications and the operating system are stored temporarily

90
Q

usually consists of several chips on a circuit board called a memory module, which is plugged into the motherboard

91
Q

operating system spends more time swapping data than running software

92
Q

stored on a single chip on the motherboard

93
Q

retrieves data or programs in ROM when it needs them

A

Operating System

94
Q

Meaning of RAM

A

Random Access Memory

95
Q

Meaning of ROM

A

Read-only Memory

96
Q

a type of ROM that is nonvolatile, but can be modified

A

Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)

97
Q

a type of ROM that can be updated much more quickly than EEPROM and has largely replaced ROM

A

Flash Memory

98
Q

now being used on mobile computers and peripheral devices

A

Flash Memory

99
Q

the CPU accesses memory _______ to speed processing

100
Q

memory is a small amount of memory stored on the CPU itself, apart from the registers, where it is almost instantly available

A

Level 1 Cache

101
Q

memory is a larger amount of memory that can reside on the CPU or on a chip that has a direct connection to the CPU

A

Level 2 Cache

102
Q

collects heat from an electronic component so the fan can cool it quickly

103
Q

hardware characteristics such as the amount of memory and the processor speed

A

System Requirements

104
Q

lists these hardware specifications on the product’s box or Web site

A

System Requirements

105
Q

some applications include features designed for particular hardware

A

Optional Hardware Requirements

Empowerment Technology (7 decks)

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