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Security Foundations - D481 > Lesson 1- Circuit, Packet and IP-Based Communications > Flashcards

Lesson 1- Circuit, Packet and IP-Based Communications Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of OSI Model

A

Goal of creating a new communication standard for networking using layered networking

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2
Q

OSI stands for ?

A

Open Systems Interconnection

from ISO (international Orginzation for Standardization

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3
Q

What areas can OSI Model be implemented

A

Hardware and Software

Virtualization can all be implemented in software

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4
Q

OSI Reference Model 7 Layers

A
  1. Physical
  2. Data Link
  3. Network
  4. Transport
  5. Session
  6. Presentation
  7. Application
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5
Q

What is Application Layer Responsible For

A

Directly interacting with users - Programs on compuers such as an email program

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6
Q

What is Presentation Layer Responsible for

A

Coding of Data - File Formats and encryption takes place at this layer

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7
Q

What is Session Layer Responsible for

A

Maintaining communications between computers

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8
Q

What is the Transport Layer Responsible for

A

for breaking data into packets and properly transmitting them. Flow \control and error checking

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9
Q

What is the Network Layer responsible for

A

logical implementation of the network such as TCP/IP

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10
Q

What is the Data Link Layer responsible for

A

Transmitting information on computers connected in the same LAN - this is where MAC (medial access control) and LLC (logical link control) come into play

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11
Q

What is the Physical Layer responsible for

A

physical operation and translating binary into transport medium - copper network cables would be electrical pulses vs Fiber - bursts of light

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12
Q

Four Layers of TCP/IP

A
  1. Physical (1 and 2 of OSI)
  2. Network/Internet (Same at OSI)
  3. Host to Host/Transport
  4. Application (Maps to 5,6 and 7 of OSI)
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13
Q

Most Common TCP/IP Transport Layers

A

TCP- Transmission Control Protocol
UDP - User Datagram Protocol

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14
Q

What are common TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols

A

DHCP
HTTP
IMAP - Internet Messaging Access Protocol
FTP
POP - Post Office Protocol
SIP - Session Initiation Protocol

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15
Q

What are the key differences between OSI and TCP/IP Reference model

A

OSI is a streamline model that is more prescriptive vs TCP/IP which was more descriptive. Essentially OSI is for development of network software vs TCP/IP on how Internet Protocol operations

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16
Q

Describe Circuit Switching

A

dedicated digital or analog connection between two devices. POTS and PSTN are examples. Low latency and good performance but do not scale

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17
Q

Describe Packet Switching

A

packets send each packet to intended destination but each device along the way examines the MAC address and selects best outbound port. Receiver has to reconstruct the packet.

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18
Q

What is IP Based Communications

A

using specific protocols such as TCP/IP and IP providing a governance on how messages route across the networks. More efficient than Packet with less overhead

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19
Q

What are the most common IP Based Protocols and what do they do?

A

TCP/IP - guarantees the deliver of a stream of data. Layer 3 Network

IP - makes it possible to deliver across a complex network. both internal and external

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20
Q

Where did TCP and IP come from and how long ago

A

Based on ARPANET in the 1970’s

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21
Q

What was the first noticeable advantage of IP-Based from Circuit Based

A

Born out of AOL buddy list and the first to provide a SIP-Enabled presence and IM. Led to VoIP with Skype and Yahoo Messenger. These are the fore fathers to the collaboration apps we have now such as Teams, Google Workspace, RC, Webex, Zoom, etc.

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22
Q

What is the layout of the Network Called

A

Network Topology

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23
Q

Most Common Physical Topology Diagam

A

Wiring and Device Diagram

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24
Q

What does the Logical Topology represent and what sublayers are there

A

how the actual network works and how you transfer data. this is where your Media Access Control (MAC) and Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayers reside

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25
Q

What are is the main use of P2P networks

A

Host Based for Terminal Emulation and utilizing the RS-232 serial communication standard

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26
Q

What is the IEEE Standard for Ethernet

A

802.3 CSMA/CD - two wires for transmit and two wires for receive within a four-pair unshielded twisted pair

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27
Q

What type of topology did the first LAN Use

A

Bus Topology

28
Q

Most Common type of network topology and where did it originate from

A

LAN Vendors such as IBM PC Network, ARCNET, and eventually 802.3a CSMSA/CD standard 10Base5

29
Q

What type of cabling does Bus Topology Use and what issues

A

Coaxial cable and has distance limitations along with attenuation

30
Q

Where did Ethernet originate

A

Developed by Xerox but actually their R&D wing called PARC. Fun fact that Robert Metcalfe left Xerox to join 3COM. 3COM first vendor to have chassis switch supporting both Token Ring and Ethernet Standards.

31
Q

What vendor made Token Ring popular and what is their IEEE standard

A

IBM and 802.5

32
Q

What is the key problem with Ring networks

A

They have a max physical path length and can result in signal loss. In addition they are slower due to token passing

33
Q

What Topology eliminated the issues with Ring and Bus and what type of device is used.

A

Star Topology and a hub or switch

34
Q

What is the difference between a switch and a hub

A

Hub transmits all messages to all devices connected and is one big collision domain while the switch only sends messages to the port for that and minimizes the collision domain

35
Q

Which type of network is in use for WAN

A

Mesh Networking - MPLS for example

36
Q

What type of topology combines the others and name their purpose/application

A

Hybrid and for designs that require multiple topologies to achieve the results. High fault tolerance (Mesh) vs lower usage (Bus)

37
Q

What is the term for connecting networks

A

Internetworking

38
Q

What is a protocol stack

A

is how software operates at different layers of the OSI Model.

39
Q

What layer (s) do the network devices operate at on the OSI Model

A

either the Data Link or the Network layer

40
Q

What are the two common types of Inernetworking and what device and Data Link Layer is required

A

Peer to Peer and Client/Server
Bridge

41
Q

What type of device for Internetworking at the Network Layer is required

A

Router

42
Q

What layers do Network Interface Cards (NIC) reside on and what do they use to be identified with

A

Physical layer
OUI’s name the manuf can can create the unique MAC address

43
Q

How does router storage MAC addressed for current and future routing

A

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP cache tables

44
Q

What is the easiest way to connect to two networks and what OSI Layer is that at?

A

MAC Layer Bridge - simply a computer with 2 NICs can do the job. Layer 2 - Data

45
Q

Name the two type of Switches and key differences

A

Layer 2 operates at Data Link layer and examines MAC address to forward and filter packets to intended port.
Layer 3 can operate and either Data Link or Network. They are smarter and have software to operate as a Layer 2 and use IP Routing as well. It is essentially a switch and router combined

46
Q

Where are routers typically used for Internetworking and key difference between a switch

A

Routers are typically used for Wide Area Networking and is provided by most ISP’s.
Instead of just reading MAC address and forwarding they can see the Network Layers address or IP Address and determine full path to traverse

47
Q

What is the type of device that can act as a bridge and router and what makes it better

A

Brouter
unlike a router that can only examine packets in format they understand the Brouter can support both routable and nonroutable protocols.

48
Q

What type of device can interconnect two networks with different protocols

A

Gateway. Common during the IBM SNA mainframe era, etc.

49
Q

What are the typical types of Network Communication and how do they differ

A

Store and Forward - such as email and use large chunks of data 512 or 1024 bytes
Real Time such as VoIP use smaller packets such as 64 and 128 bytes. Real time is more sensitive to latency vs bandwidth

50
Q

What are the protocols that can provide broadcast storm prevention

A

Spanning Tree Protocol such as Rapid Spanning Tree (RSTP) or Multiple (MSTP)

51
Q

What is the main drawback of a Layer 2 Switch vs Layer 3

A

Layer 2 switches are essentially flat networks that use Ethernet Tagging where Layer 3 can provide VLAN and network segmentation

52
Q

What is the networking term for how it takes for a failover connection

A

Convergence -

53
Q

Name the two common Layer 2 or Bridge forwarding methods

A

Cut-Through switching. Uses MAC address and if recognized it just forwards without inspection.

Store and Forward - receives the entire Ethernet Frame and then makes decision based on MAC Address table.

Cut-Through requires little processing and is faster but store and forward but can drop packets with any errors but does have a higher latency

54
Q

What does Layer 3 routing use to determine a packets destination

A

Uses and IP Address often call Network Layer Address

55
Q

Define Static vs Dynamic Routes within a Layer 3 device such as router

A

Static are pre-defined by admin and dynamic are discovered at run time. Essentially the router will ask its neighbors each time it encounters an unknown packet

56
Q

What are protocols for Layer 2 Resiliency

A

Spanning Tree and Resilient Ethernet Protocols for finding alternative routes

57
Q

What protocols support Layer 3 Resilliency

A

Most routers or even firewalls support HA such as Cisco’s HSRP

58
Q

Can networks be virtualized and if so what products are available

A

Docker and GNS3

59
Q

How does a NAS differ from a SAN

A

SAN devices are connected using a network architecture in such that host devices are virtually connected as a physicals disks would be.

NAS devices basically provide a generic interface so they can be accessed by a multitude of devices and Operating Systems

60
Q

Additional Switch software function that supports interswitch connectivity using vendor proprietary.

A

Clustering

61
Q

Switch software functionality that includes disabling the RJ45 port or doing MAC Address filtering

A

Port Security

62
Q

Switch software feature that can monitor traffic and disable the RJ45 port if that port is the source of unwanted broadcast transmissions

A

Flood Guard

63
Q

What is the alternative to the OSI Model?

A

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) reference model

64
Q

What device does most of the work to reassemble packets into messages and what are those steps

A

Destination Device
1. Resquence packets that arrive out of order.
2. Identify missing packets and request sends.
3. Reassemble the complete message

65
Q

What Law does Mesh Networks utilize for determining the number of required connections

A

Metcalfe’s Law
n(n-1)/2 connection to directly connect each to every other node

66
Q

The ability to encounter a fault, or error or some type and still be available is called

A

Fault Tolerance

Security Foundations - D481 (5 decks)

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