Lesson 1,2, & 3 - Aquatic Ecosystem

Question 1

Stipulates that “Fisheries conservation subjects shall be incorporated in the curricula of elementary and secondary schools in both public and private.”

Answer 1

Republic Act 8550 (The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998) now RA 10654

Question 2

All activities relating to the act or business of fishing culturing, preserving, processing, marketing, developing, conserving, and managing aquatic resources and the fishery areas, including the privilege to fish or take aquatic resource thereof

Answer 2

Fisheries

Question 3

Consists of organisms and their environment where there are dynamic interactions between the organisms and their environment working together as a functional unit

Answer 3

Ecosystem

Question 4

Two main types of ecosystems

Answer 4

• Terrestrial - of land
• Aquatic - of water

Question 5

Two components of an aquatic ecosystem

Answer 5

• Living components (biotic)
• Non-living components (abiotic)

Question 6

Living components of an aquatic ecosystem

Answer 6

• Producers - green plants
• Macroconsumers - animals
• Microconsumers/decomposers - bacteria and fungi

Question 7

They break down dead organic materials, absorb some of the decomposition products, and release inorganic nutrients

Answer 7

Microconsumer/decomposer

Question 8

Non-living components of an aquatic ecosystem

Answer 8

• Inorganic substances (C, N, CO2, H20, etc.) - in material cycles
• Organic compounds (protein, carbohydrates , lipids, humic substances, etc.) - link the biotic with the abiotic
• Climate regimes (temperature and other physical factors)

Question 9

One of the dynamic interactions in an ecosystem

Answer 9

Feeding and non-feeding relationships

Question 10

Feeding relationships are shown in:

Answer 10

Trophic levels, food chains, and food webs

Question 11

From the word “trophe” which means nourishment or the level of nourishment of organisms

Answer 11

Trophic level

Question 12

• Producer level (chiefly green plants)
• Produce food from light energy (photosynthesis)
• Produce food from chemical compounds (chemosynthesis)

Answer 12

1st trophic level

Question 13

Primary consumer level (chiefly animals); plant eaters

Answer 13

2nd trophic level

Question 14

Primary carnivore (secondary consumer level)

Answer 14

3rd trophic level

Question 15

Secondary carnivore (tertiary consumer) level

Answer 15

4th trophic level

Question 16

The transfer of energy from the source in plants through a series of organisms with repeated eating and being eaten

Answer 16

Food chain

Question 17

Two basic types of food chain

Answer 17

• Grazing food chain
• Detritus food chain

Question 18

Green plants - herbivoeres (plant eaters) - carnivores (animal eaters)

Answer 18

Grazing food chain

Question 19

Dissolved organic materials - microorganisms - detritivores - carnivores

Answer 19

Detritus food chain

Question 19

The interlocking pattern of food chains

Answer 19

Food webs

Question 20

Five major types of (non-feeding) ecological relationships or species interactions

Answer 20

• Competition
• Mutualism
• Commensalism
• Amensalism
• Predation

Question 21

• Occurs when a number of animals (of the same or different species) utilize common resources the supply of which is short (or not)
• Occurs when the organisms seeking that resource harm each other in the process (Allan, 1995); lowers the fitness of both species

Answer 21

Competition

Question 22

Interaction that benefits both species (e.g., sea anemone and clown fish)

Answer 22

Mutualism

Question 23

Interaction where one species benefits and the other remains unaffected (e.g., remora and other marine organism)

Answer 23

Commensalism

Question 24

* The presence of one species has a negative on the other, but the first species is unaffeced * Commonly result when one species produces a chemical compound that is harmful to another species (e.g., coral vs. coral competing for space)

Answer 24

Amensalism

Question 25

A type of amensalism

Answer 25

Parasitism

Question 26

Includes any interaction between two species in which one species benefits by obtaining resources from and to the detriment of the other

Answer 26

Predation

Question 27

It is a pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of the Earth

Answer 27

Biogeochemical cycle

Question 28

Some of the important biogeochemical cycles

Answer 28

* Water/hydrologic cycle * Nitrogen cycle * Phosphorus cycle * Carbon cycle * Sulfur cycle * Nutrient cycle in coral reefs

Question 29

* Essential to life * Without it, the biosphere that exists on the surface of the earth would not be possible * A renewable resource through the hydrologic cycle

Answer 29

Water

Question 30

How many percent of water is locked in the oceans, toxic to humans and many plants and animals?

Answer 30

93%

Question 31

The amount of cubic miles of water evaporated from the ocean annually

Answer 31

800,000 cubic miles

Question 31

Amount of water cycled through the hydrologic cycle in a year

Answer 31

About 100 billion gallons

Question 31

* Also known as the hydrologic cycle * A cycle that involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system

Answer 31

Water cycle

Question 32

The most important processes in the water cycl

Answer 32

Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff

Question 33

A complex gaseous type cycle

Answer 33

Nitrogen cycle

Question 33

An important element in many life processes required in the production of amino acids, nucleic acids, proteins, chlorophyll, etc.

Answer 33

Nitrogen

Question 34

Processes through which nitrogen enters the aquatic system

Answer 34

Fixation, precipitation, diffusion, and run-off

Question 35

Anthropogenic sources of nitrogen which may also find their way to aquatic ecosystems

Answer 35

* Car/industry exhaust * Fertilizer * Leachates * Livestock rearing * Domestic sewage

Question 36

* An important element for all forms of life * As phosphate (PO4), it makes up an important part of the structural framework that holds DNA and RNA together

Answer 36

Phosphate

Question 37

Critical component of ATP - the cellular energy carrier - as they serve as an energy 'release' for organisms to use in building proteins or contacting muscles

Answer 37

Phosphate

Question 38

80% of it is found in the human body's teeth and bones

Answer 38

Phosphorus

Question 39

The largest reservoir of phosphorus

Answer 39

Sedimentary rock

Question 40

Stimulates the growth of plankton and plants, favoring weedy species over others

Answer 40

Phosphate

Question 41

The event in which the excess growth of plants tend to consume large amounts of dissolved oxygen, potentially suffocating fish and other marine animals, while also blocking available sunlight to bottom dwelling species (resulting in fish kills)

Answer 41

Eutrophication

Question 42

Sources of phosphorus, which may eventually find their way to affect aquatic ecosystems

Answer 42

* Rock deposits * Soil * Decomposing organic matter * Soaps/detergents * Leachate * Domestic sewage * Fertilizer

Question 43

* A component of two amino acids (cysteine and methionine) which are important to plants and animals * Passed along the food chain and is eventually released by detritivores as sulfate ions, which can be taken up by plants again

Answer 43

Sulfur

Question 44

Enters the atmosphere from volcanic eruptions and biological processes; it is oxidized to sulfur dioxide (SO2) which moves by rain into the soil and water

Answer 44

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Question 45

Sources of sulfur

Answer 45

* Certain anthropogenic activities (coal and other fossil fuels) * A series of reactions

Question 46

Serve as habitat and breeding grounds for a variety of species of fish and aquatic organisms; have high primary production

Answer 46

Coral reefs

Question 47

A single reef may contain ____ species of corals, fish, and shelffish

Answer 47

3,000

Question 48

Two mechanisms that affect coral reef productivity

Answer 48

Advection and geothermal endo-upwelling

Question 49

Large-scale horizontal movements of ocean water, carries large volumes of water to the reef

Answer 49

Advection

Question 50

Brings a variety of nutrients to the reef

Answer 50

Geothermal endo-upwelling

Question 51

It is rich in nutrients and is carried to the surface and through the reef structure, where the nutrients are quickly absorbed

Answer 51

Geothermally heated deep-ocean water

Question 52

Notable for their high rates of nitrogen fixation, importing large amounts of nutrients from the atmosphere; characterized by high rates of nitrogen export to the ocean, mostly in the form of nitrate

Answer 52

Reefs

Question 52

Photosynthetic dinoflagellates that account much of the primary production of reefs contained by many corals

Answer 52

Endosymbiotic zooxanthellae

Question 53

Removes dissolved inorganic phosphate from waters containing extremely low phosphorus concentrations

Answer 53

Symbiotic associations

Question 54

Type of aquatic ecosystems in terms of salinity or salt content

Answer 54

* Fresh water * Estuaries * Salt water/marine

Question 55

Categorization of freshwater ecosystems in terms of water movement

Answer 55

* Lotic systems or flowing water * Lentic systems or still water

Question 56

Mix of fresh and saly water, usually where freshwater meets the sea

Answer 56

Estuaries or brackish water

Question 57

Partially enclosed bodies of water directly connected with the ocean; where seawater is diluted by freshwater entering a river system

Answer 57

Estuaries

Question 58

Aquatic ecosystems with very high concentration of salt

Answer 58

Marine ecosystem

Question 59

Three important ecosystems which serve as habitats of valuable aquatic organisms and provide benefits to humans and both terrestrial and aquatic organisms

Answer 59

* Coral reefs * Mangrove forests * Seagrass beds