LESSON 1 Flashcards
Science can be define as
Science as:
an idea
intellectual activity
body of knowledge
personal and social activity
: it includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world.
Science as an idea
: it encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world.
Science as an intellectual activity
: it is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world.
Science as a body of knowledge
: explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop better understanding of the world around them.
Science as a personal and social activity
formulated COPERNICAN MODEL
His ideas were an example of what is presently called as a THOUGHT EXPERIMENT
strongly influenced by a book entitled Epitome published in 1496
Nicolaus Copernicus
- joined a five-year voyage through the HMS Beagle on the Islands of Galapagos
- Theory of Evolution
- provided a different framework for doing scientific activities — marked by observation and experiment.
observational skills
Charles Darwin
- Contributed in formulation of method of PSYCHOANALYSIS
-he is not a traditional thinker – his method was unorthodox
- Born in a much later period but contributed in various aspects of the human scene
sigmund freud
Three civilizations in mesoamerica
Maya Civilization
Inca Civilization
Aztec Civilization
Mayan knowledge
Celestial bodies
Technology
Arts
Mathematics
Evidence of mayan people in celestial bodies
Predicting eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.
Measuring time using two complicated calendar systems. (Haab calendar and Tzolk’in calendar)
They built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water to different communities.
Technology
They built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral called mica.
They are also believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber products 3,000 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844.
Arts
created a number system based on the numeral 20.
Mathematics
The following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to help them in everyday life: Inca civilization
- ROAD STONES OR THE QHAPAC NAN OR ROYAL ROAD
- STONE BUILDINGS THAT SURMOUNTED EARTHQUAKES AND OTHER DISASTERS
- Irrigation system
- Calendar
- First suspension bridge
- Quipu
- Textiles
a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret
Quipu
Aztec contribution
Mandatory education
Chocolates
Antispasmodic medication
Chinampa
Aztec calendar
Invention of the canoe
In the field of science, technology, and mathematics, great civilizations have stood out:
India
China
Middle east
They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works. Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole of Roman Empire.
India/Indian
, a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, is still practiced as a form of alternative medicine.
Ayurveda
Describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India.
Susruta Samhita
In his Aryabhatiya, he introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra.
Aryabhata
They developed theories on the configuration of the universe.
The spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.
Sama (2008) noted that their interest in astronomy was also evident in the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani, written in the 12th century.
Astronomy
Suggested that gravity was a force of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit, along with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used universally throughout the world (Clifford, 2008; Bose, 1998).
Brahmagupta
is also considered as the founder of mathematical analysis (Joseph, 1991).
Madhava of Sangamagrama
, the Chinese are known to develop many tools.
Famous discoveries and inventions included:
- Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, printing methods
- Iron plough, wheelbarrow, propeller
- Different models of bridges
- Invented the first seismological detector
- Developed a dry dock facility
Technology
Supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses and comets were carefully recorded and preserved to understand better the heavenly bodies and its effects.
Observed heavenly bodies to understand weather changes and seasons that may affect their daily activities.
Used lunar calendars to track time.
Seismology for natural calamities preparations.
Astronomy (china)
- Period of Muslim scholarship that lasted until the 13th century.
Golden Age of Islam
He was regarded as the “Father of Optics”.
Ibn al-Haytham
gave his name to the concept of algorithm.
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
Algebra is derived from .
al-jabr
He was considered as the “Father of (Arab) Chemistry”
Jabir ibn Hayyan
he is pioneered the science of experimental medicine, and he was the first physician to conduct clinical trials.
Ibn Sina
Ibn Sina two most notable works in medicine:
- The Book of Healing
2. The Canon of Medicine
was known to be a center of alchemy, which is known as the medieval forerunner of chemistry.
Egypt
Africans used three types of calendars:
lunar, solar, and stellar, or a combination of the three. (Astronomy)
has been a tool for multiplication, division and simple mathematical calculation or a six month lunar calendar.
The Lebombo Bone
