LESSON 1 Flashcards
employs the inquisitive mind to discover the causes, reasons, and principles of everything.
Philosophy
It goes beyond scientific investigation by exploring all areas of knowledge such as religion, psychology, politics, physics, and even medicine.
Philosophy
Greek philosopher“the self is synonymous with the soul”.
Socrates:
is changeable, transient, and imperfect.
Physical realm
Two dichotomous realms:
physical realm
ideal realm
“An unexamined life is not worth living”
Socrates:
Socratic method, is a method of examining one’s thoughts and emotions to gain self-knowledge.
Introspection,
There-part soul/self:
Reason
Spirit/Passion
Physical appetite
Greek philosopherHe also believed that the self is synonymous with the soul.
Plato:
is the divine essence that enables us to think, make wise decision, and achieve true understanding of eternal truths.
Reason
in his Theory of Forms, he introduced the concepts of two worlds:
- world of forms (nonphysical ideas).
2. world of essence (reality).
includes sensual desires, feelings, and emotions.
Sentient
Greek philosopher“The soul is the essence of the self”.
He suggested that anything with life has soul.
Aristotle:
includes physical body that can grow.
Vegetative
The Kinds of Soul:
Vegetative
Sentient
Rational
African philosopher“the self has an immortal soul”.
St. Augustine:
He integrated the ideas of Plato and Christianity.
St. Augustine:
includes the intellect of a man.
Rational
He believed that the body is united with the soul.
St. Augustine:
He believed that the soul is what governs and defines the human person.
St. Augustine:
”I am doubting, therefore I am”
St. Augustine:
: French philosopher”I think therefore I am”.
Rene Descartes
Two dimensions of the human self
- thinking self (soul).
- physical body.
as nonmaterial, immortal, conscious being, and independent of the physical laws of the universe.
Thinking self (soul)
is a material, mortal, nonthinking entity, fully governed by the physical laws of nature.
Physical self
English philosopherthe human mind at birth is tabula rasa or blank slate.
John Locke:
The self is constructed primarily from the sense experiences.
John Locke:
is necessary to have a coherent personal (self) identity.
Self-consciousness
Scottish philosopher
“There is no self”.
David Hume:
What people experience is only a bundle or collection of different perceptions.
David Hume:
The self constructs its own reality, actively creating a world that is familiar, predictable, and most significantly, mine.
Immanuel Kant:
Distinct entities:
Impressions
Ideas
are the basic sensations of people’s experience such as hate, love, joy, grief, pain, cold, and heat.
Impressions
are thoughts and images from impressions and so, less lively and vivid.
Ideas
German philosopher“We construct the self”.
Immanuel Kant:
Austrian physician“The self is multilayered”.
Sigmund Freud:
Three layers of the Self:
conscious
preconscious
unconscious
British philosopher“The self is the way people behave”.
Gilbert Ryle:
“I act therefore I am”
Gilbert Ryle:
He concluded that the mind is the totality of human dispositions that is known through the way people behave.
Gilbert Ryle:
American philosopher”The self is the brain”.
Paul Churchland:
The self is inseparable from the brain and physiology of the body.
Paul Churchland:
French philosopher
“the self is embodied subjectivity”.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty:
The unified experience of the self is the paradigm or model that people should use to understand the nature of the self.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty:
“I” is a single integrated core identity, a combination of the mental, physical, and emotional structured around a core identity of the self.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty:
