Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology of Reproduction > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Convoluted and occupy the greatest portion of each testicle and the Spermatozoa are produced within them.

A

Seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The testicle is surrounded by a connective tissue capsule called

A

Tunica albuginea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A cross -section of the testicle shows the relationship of the seminiferous tubules to each other and to their connective tissue support

A

Interstitial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The Interstitial tissue is occupied by ?

A
  1. Usual blood vascular network
  2. Leydig cells (interstitial cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

It provides support for the seminiferous tubules.

A

Connective tissue septa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sertoli cell is also called ?

A

Sustentacular cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Leydig cell is also knowns as?

A

Interstitial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

provides a “nurse” function for developing spermatozoa. Processes from surround spermatids and spermatocytes.

A

Sertoli cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

It also provides intimate contact with all stages of spermatozoa production; in this respect, they are known as

A

Sustentacular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

forms a blood–testis barrier that permits control of the environment within the tubule and also prevents spermatozoa from entering the interstitium.

A

Basal junction with adjacent Sertoli cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sertoli cells divide the seminiferous tubules into two compartments:

A
  1. Basal compartment
  2. Adluminal compartment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

It communicates with interstitial fluid and provides space for germinal epithelial cells.

A

Basal compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_____ which is the space between Sertoli cells that communicates centrally with the lumen of the tubule.

A

Adluminal compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

It provides a replacement cell and another cell, which must move through the Sertoli cell junction to enter the adluminal compartment.

A

Division of a germinal epithelial cell (spermatogonium) in the basal compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

further divisions occur and spermatozoa are finally formed.

A

Adluminal compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

secrete a fluid into the adluminal compartment; its composition favors the developing spermatozoa.

A

The Sertoli cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

found in the connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules and are responsible for testosterone production.

A

Leydig cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the location of Leydig cell?

A

Interstitial space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

It’s a collection and storage tubule for the testis

A

Epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Begins at the pole of the testis in which blood vessels and nerves enter; this is known as the

A

Head of the Epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The head continues along one side of the testis as the?

A

body of the Epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which terminates before making a turn upward as the?

A

tail of the Epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The _____ receives sperm and _____ through efferent ducts from the rete testis

A
  1. head of the Epididymis
  2. Adluminal fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

It moves to the epididymis by the flow of fluid into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules from the adluminal spaces.

A

Spermatozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

It allows the spermatozoa to reach maturity and become motile.

A

Storage in the Epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Reabsorption of much of the seminiferous tubular fluid occurs in the ?

A

Head of the Epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

It is a network of straight tubules connecting convoluted seminiferous tubules with the highly convoluted epididymal tubule via efferent ducts (extratesticular).

A

Rete testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Steps of the flow of Spermatozoa with their fluids in Rete testis

A

Efferent ducts -> Head of Epididymis -> Body od Epididymis -> Tail of Epididymis -> Ductus deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

It is sometimes called the vas deferens and the the continuation of the duct system from the tail of the epididymis to the pelvic urethra.

A

Ductus deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

As the ductus deferens leaves the testis, toward the abdomen, it is enclosed along with ?

A
  1. Testicular artery
  2. vein
  3. nerve
  4. lymphatic vessels within the visceral layer of vaginal tunic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

is an oblique passage from the abdominal cavity to the exterior of the body that extends from the deep (interior) inguinal ring to the superficial (exterior) inguinal ring.

A

Inguinal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

are slits in the tendinous attachments of the two flat abdominal muscles to the pelvis.

A

Inguinal rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

After the spermatic cord passes through the inguinal rings, the ductus deferens separates from the spermatic cord to proceed to what area?

A

The Pelvic urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q
  1. It is a cutaneous sac containing the testes.
  2. It contains a subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle fibers.
A
  1. Scrotum
  2. Tunica dartos
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

_____ which contracts in cold weather and holds the testes closer to the abdominal wall.

A

The Tunica dartos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The outer tube of peritoneum is known as_____ and lines the ___

A

Parietal layer of the vaginal tunic, scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

During embryonic development the testes are_____ but outside the peritoneum.

A

Intraabdominal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

They have not yet entered the scrotum, but each has a fibrous connection to the scrotum known as the?

A

Gubernaculum testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

As development and growth progress, the gubernaculum testis “pulls” the testes through the inguinal canal into the scrotum that creates a?

A

double-walled tube of peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, and testicular vessels, nerves, and lymphatics are enveloped by the inner tube of peritoneum known as the ?

A

Visceral vaginal tunic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the parts that enveloped by the inner tube of peritoneum?
(T,E, DD, TV, N, L)

A

Testis, epididymis, ductus deferens and testicular vessels, nerves and lymphatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the components of the Spermatic cord?
(V,N,DD,L)

A

Vessels, nerves, lymphatics and ductus deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

an extension of the internal abdominal oblique muscle) lies on the spermatic cord and assists with drawing the testes closer to the abdominal wall.

A

Cremaster muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The outer tube of peritoneum is known as? and lines the scrotum.

A

parietal vaginal tunic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The testis and epididymis that are enveloped within the visceral vaginal tunic completely fill the scrotal cavity lined by the parietal vaginal tunic so that only a narrow space remains between the two tunics

A

Vaginal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

If the inguinal rings are too large, loops of intestine may enter the vaginal cavity to constitute what is known as ?

A

Inguinal hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

An inguinal hernia that has passed into the scrotum is known as ?

A

Scrotal hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

It is a situation where the herniated intestinal loops have the potential for strangulation (a cut-off blood supply) or for evisceration (removal from the abdominal cavity)

A

Time of castration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

_____ is the location where the parietal vaginal tunic of the scrotum is continuous with the parietal peritoneum.

A

Vaginal ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The proper ligament of testis and ligament of tail of epididymis are?

A

remnants of gubernaculum testis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

are those that fail to descend. This condition seems to be most prevalent in pigs and horses.

A

Cryptorchid testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Often the testis or testes are retained entirely within the?

A

Abdominal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

It provides secretions that empty into the pelvic urethra near their origin.

A

accessory sex glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The accessory sex glands are composed of;

A
  1. the ampulla of the ductus deferentes
  2. the vesicular glands
  3. the prostate gland, and
  4. the bulbourethral glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

It sometimes called the seminal vesicles and absent in dog

A

Vesicular glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

It is sometimes called the Cowper glands and absent in dogs.

A

Bulbourethral glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

A part of Accessory sex glands that are absent in boar and dog.

A

Ampulla of the ductus deferentes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

A part of accessory sex glands that are present in all domestic animals.

A

Prostate gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Refers to enlargements of the terminal part of the ductus deferentes, and their secretion empties into the lumens of the ductus deferentes

A

The ampullae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

It is a paired glands that empty into the pelvic urethra along with the ductus deferentes.

A

Vesicular glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

The ______ (absent in the dog) are the most caudal of the accessory glands

A

paired bulbourethral glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

It refers to the accessory sex gland secretions

A

Seminal plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

the accessory sex gland secretion are mixed with sperm and fluid from the epididymides to form ___?

A

semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

It provides an environment conducive to the survival of sperm within the female reproductive tract.

A

Seminal plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Seminal plasma is rich in?

A

electrolytes, fructose, ascorbic acid, and other vitamins.

66
Q

Most of the sperm in an ejaculate never reach the oviduct. Only a few dozen might reach the vicinity of the oocyte, where only one is required for fertilization.

A

True.

67
Q

What is the number of sperm intended for each artificial insemination for Cattle and sheep?

A

approximates 10 and 125 million

68
Q

What is the number of sperm intended for each artificial insemination for pigs and horses?

A

2 billion

69
Q

Refers to the male organ of copulation through which urine and semen pass by way of the penile urethra.

A

Penis

70
Q

Where does the roots (crura) of the penis begin ?

A

at the caudal border of the pelvic ischial arch.

71
Q

The forward extension from the roots is known as the ______ and the free extremity is known as the _____?

A
  1. body
  2. glans
72
Q

The internal structure is occupied mostly by cavernous tissue that fills with blood during erection and is referred to as the?

A

corpus cavernosum

73
Q

The corpus cavernosum commonly known as the?

A

Erectile tissue

74
Q

Refers to more cavernous space and less connective tissue type of penis

A

musculocavernous

75
Q

Refers to less cavernous space and more connective tissue type of penis.

A

Fibroelastic

76
Q

Two types of penis

A
  1. Musculocavernous
  2. Fibroelstic
77
Q

The musculocavernous penis is a characteristic of the?

A

Horse and dog

78
Q

The fibroelastic penis is found in what species?

A

Cattle, sheep, goat and pig

79
Q

Where is the location of the Urethra ?

A

on the ventral aspect of the body of the penis

80
Q

Bull, ram and boar have a _____ of their penis, resulting in ______ when not erect.

A
  1. Sigmoid flexure
  2. S shape
81
Q

It is an invaginated fold of skin that surrounds the free extremity of the penis.

A

Prepuce

82
Q

The stallion has a ____ prepuce.

A

double-folded

83
Q

Waxy accumulations is known as ______ and sometimes form in the _____ and must be removed manually.

A
  1. Beans
  2. outer fold
84
Q

The boar has a _______ on the dorsal wall, which often contains decomposing urine and macerated epithelium.

A
  1. preputial diverticulum (pouch)
85
Q

The fluid in the diverticulum also contains a ______ that causes sows to assume the immobile mating stance.

A

Pheromone

86
Q

Where does the Cremaster muscle formed?

A

from the caudal fibers of the internal abdominal oblique muscle.

87
Q

It pulls the testis up against the superficial vaginal ring, particularly in cold weather. And responsible for the testes being drawn into the abdominal cavity of the elephant, deer, and rabbit during times other than the breeding season.

A

Cremaster Muscle

88
Q

A skeletal muscle that is the pelvic continuation from the smooth muscle wall of the urinary bladder.

A

Urethralis

89
Q

Peristaltic action of this muscle assists in the transport of urine or semen through the pelvic urethra.

A

Urethralis

90
Q

It is a striated muscle continuation of the urethralis and continues the action of the urethralis in emptying the urethra.

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle

91
Q

are paired, striated muscles that converge on the body of the penis from their origins on the lateral sides of the ischial arch.

A

Ischiocavernosus muscles

92
Q

When these muscles contract, they pull the penis upward against the floor of the pelvis.

A

Ischiocavernosus muscles

93
Q

It is a paired striated muscles that originate from the suspensory ligaments of the anus. It pulls the flaccid penis back into the prepuce.

A

Retractor penis muscles

94
Q

It refers to a muscle that assists in emptying the urethra.

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle

95
Q

It refers to a muscle that assists in the erection process

A

Ischiocavernosus muscle

96
Q

It refers to a muscle that assists in the return of the penis to the prepuce after intromission

A

Retractor penis muscle

97
Q

A short distance above the testicle, the testicular vein is convoluted and is in close association with the convoluted part of the testicular artery.

A

the pampiniform plexus

98
Q

Blood to the testicles is supplied by the?

A

Testicular arteries

99
Q

It requires a cooler temperature than normal body temperature.

A

Spermatogenesis

100
Q

____ to the penis provides for filling of the cavernous tissue and provides nutrition to the tissues.

A

Arterial blood

101
Q

The penis is supplied by two nerves;

A

Spinal nerve and pudendal nerve

102
Q

It provides the afferent side for reflexes associated with erection and ejaculation.

A

Sensory stimulation of the glans

103
Q

Reflex centers for erection and ejaculation are located in the?

A

lumbar region of the spinal cord.

104
Q

It refers to the entire process involved in the transformation of germinal epithelial cells (stem cells) to spermatozoa.

A

Spermatogenesis

105
Q

What are the two phases of Spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatocytogenesis and Spermiogenesis

106
Q

It is the proliferative phase whereby spermatogonial cells multiply by a series of mitotic divisions followed by the meiotic divisions that produce the haploid (n) number of chromosomes

A

Spermatocytogenesis

107
Q

What is the chromosome number diploid symbol?

A

2n

108
Q

What is the chromosome number haploid symbol?

A

n

109
Q

Where do the stem cells (spermatogonia) located?

A

Basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules

110
Q

It undergo mitotic division (sometimes involving several generations) until large numbers (variable among species) of type B spermatogonia have been produced.

A

Type A spermatogonia

111
Q

It undergo the last of the mitotic divisions, which results in the formation of primary spermatocytes with 2n chromosome numbers.

A

Type B spermatogonia

112
Q

It undergo meiotic division to form secondary spermatocytes, which in turn undergo meiotic division to form spermatids (n chromosome numbers).

A

Primary spermatocytes

113
Q

The second phase of spermatogenesis,______, involves maturation of the spermatids while they are still in the adluminal compartment.

A

Spermiogenesis

114
Q

It comprises a series of nuclear and cytoplasmic changes and transformation from a nonmotile cell (not able to move) to a potentially motile cell in which a flagellum (tail) has formed.

A

Spermiogenesis

115
Q

The mature spermatids produced during the final phase of spermiogenesis are released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules as

A

Spermatozoa

116
Q

The release of matured spermatids into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules is known as ?

A

Spermiation

117
Q

The newly formed spermatozoa are transported to the?

A

To the epididymis by fluid secretions into the seminiferous tubules and rete testis and by activity of contractile elements in the testis that direct fluid flow to the head of the epididymis.

118
Q

The major site of sperm storage within the male reproductive tract is ?

A

Tail of the Epididymis

119
Q

About ____ of the total number of spermatozoa in the ducts outside the rete testis (excurrent duct system) are found in the

A
  1. 70%
  2. Tail of the Epididymis
120
Q

Cells that are responsible for hormone production within the testes.

A

Leydig and Sertoli cells

121
Q

The production of testosterone by Leydig cells is controlled by the gonadotropin known as?

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

122
Q

The production of testosterone by Leydig cells is controlled by the gonadotropin known as luteinizing hormone (LH) that are sometimes called?

A

Interstitial cell stimulating hormone or ICSH

123
Q

Low levels of testosterone cause an increase in LH secretion by the?

A

Anterior pituitary

124
Q

A subsequent decline in testosterone again stimulates LH secretion and the cycle is repeated; this is known as

A

Negative feedback system

125
Q

Another gonadotropic hormone, ______ from the anterior pituitary, stimulates production of an androgen- binding protein by the Sertoli cells.

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

126
Q

It stimulates the secretion of estrogens by the Sertoli cells.

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

127
Q

The Sertoli cells are also the source of a hormone known as_____ , which inhibits secretion of FSH by the anterior pituitary.

A

Inhibin

128
Q

It indirectly stimulates the secretion of estrogens by the Sertoli cells through its actions on these cells, ultimately playing a role in regulating the male reproductive system and spermatogenesis.

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

129
Q

It is required continuously for spermatogenesis (testosterone- supported meiosis)

A

Luteinizing hormone

130
Q

It is not essential for the maintenance of spermatogenesis once it has been initiated.

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

131
Q

Fulfills other functions in the peripheral circulation.

A

Testosterone

132
Q

What are the functions of testosterone?

A

• the development and maintenance of libido
• secretory activity of the accessory sex glands
• general body features associated with the male

133
Q

It refers to sexual drive.

A

Libido

134
Q

It refers that it can be effectively eliminated by castration

A

Removal of testes

135
Q

The structural development and physiologic functioning (production of secretions) of the accessory sex glands are influenced by?

A

Testosterone

136
Q

Hyperactive prostate glands (enlargement) can be treated effectively by ?

A

Estrogen administration

137
Q

Refers to one of several steroid hormones classified as androgens.

A

Testosterone

138
Q

The boar testes secrete large amounts of compounds known as?

A

C-16 unsaturated androgens

139
Q

These androgens act as pheromones when they are excreted in boar saliva and they cause the sow in heat to adopt the mating posture.

A

C-16 unsaturated androgens

140
Q

When the ______ androgens are excreted in urine, they contribute to the characteristic odor of boar urine.

A

C-16 unsaturated androgens

141
Q

These compounds are also responsible for the undesirable flavor of boar meat, which is known as?

A

Boar taint

142
Q

An increase in the turgidity of the penis is known as?

A

Erection

143
Q

It is caused by an increase of blood pressure within the cavernous
sinuses of the penis as a result of greater blood inflow than outflow

A

Erection

144
Q

The inflow of blood is increased via vasodilation of the arteries caused by?

A

parasympathetic stimulation.

145
Q

The outflow of blood is decreased _________ when the ischiocavernosus muscles contract.

A

Via compression of the dorsal veins of the penis against the pelvis

146
Q

Refers to the stance assumed by the male by which the penis is brought into apposition with the vulva of the female.

A

Mounting

147
Q

Failures in mounting are encountered when there are?

A

Injuries, weakness, or soreness in the hindlimbs of the male

148
Q

Introduction of the penis into the vagina and its maintenance within the vagina during coitus is known as?

A

Intromission

149
Q

What are the causes that fails the intromission in some animals?

A
  1. phimosis
  2. hematoma of the penis
  3. congenital deformities.
150
Q

Refers to a cotndition in which the foreskin of the penis is unable to retract over the glans (head) of the penis dur to a tight opening.

A

Phimosis

151
Q

It results from ______________ whereby sperm and fluids in the ductus deferens and ampullae are emptied into the urethra along with fluids from the other accessory glands

A

Sympathetic innervation

152
Q

Stimulation for emission and ejaculation is derived from____ located ________ ?

A

1.Sensory nerves
2. in the glans penis

153
Q

________ are ejaculated near the opening of the cervix in cattle and sheep, directly into the uterus in swine, and partially into the uterus in the horse.

A

Sperm and fluids

154
Q

An increased ______ concentration stimulates the Leydig cells to secrete testosterone in greater quantities, and all aspects of testosterone function begin to appear.

A

Luteinizing hormone

155
Q

_____ is essential for the initiation of spermatogenesis at puberty.

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

156
Q

_____ is also related to ovarian activity in the female of these same species.

A

Photoperiod

157
Q

The purpose of_____ influence is the coordination of birth with favorable weather conditions.

A

Photoperiod

158
Q

The pineal gland is also known as?

A

Pineal body

159
Q

_____ is an endocrine gland attached by a stalk to the dorsal wall of the third ventricle of the cerebrum.

A

Penial gland

160
Q

It is inhibitory to the gonads and is the principal mechanism in the known affect of photoperiod on testicular and ovarian function.

A

Pineal gland

161
Q

When the testis is in the inguinal canal, but not in the scrotum, the horse is referred to as?

A

High flanker

162
Q

__________ can occur with sperm unaided by seminal plasma, the greatest fertilization potential is achieved with it.

A

Fertilization

Physiology of Reproduction (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions