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Physiology of Reproduction > Female Avian Genital Organs > Flashcards

Female Avian Genital Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Although paired symmetrically positioned ovaries and oviducts are present during embryonic development, only ______ develop to functional maturity in most avian species.

A

the left ovary and oviduct

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2
Q

Those on the right side of the body rapidly regress after hatching, remaining throughout life as rudimentary structures that may be filled with fluid.

A

True

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3
Q

It is the process by which a fertilized egg develops into an embryo

A

Embryogenesis

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4
Q

It refers to a reproductive strategy where animals lay eggs that develop outside the mother’s body. These eggs contain a fertilized zygote (fused sperm and egg) and yolk, a nutrient-rich substance that nourishes the growing embryo

A

Oviparity

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5
Q

It is the scientific term for the act of laying eggs. It is essentially the process by which oviparous animals (those that reproduce by laying eggs) deposit their eggs in suitable environment

A

Oviposition

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6
Q

In genetically predetermined female embryos (note that in birds the female is heterogametic), large numbers of gametes migrate from the right to the left ovary in the first days of embryonic development.

A

True

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7
Q

From day seven, the left ovary begins to take on its definitive form, while the medulla of the right ovary retains only a few undifferentiated germ cells and oocytes

A

True

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8
Q

____ located craniodorsally in the intestinal peritoneal cavity

A

Ovary

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9
Q

____ is attached to the body wall by a short mesovarium (a few millimetres long in chickens) and lies against the caudal margin of the left lung, the left adrenal gland, the cranial pole of the left kidney, the aorta and the caudal vena cava.

A

Ovary

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10
Q

In the juvenile and non-laying mature female chicken, the ___ is a compact, roughly triangular structure

A

Ovary

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11
Q

Its surface has a finely granular appearance.

A

Ovary

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12
Q

At the time of hatching the ovary consists of a ____ and a ____.

A

Cortex, Medulla

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13
Q

During the laying period, follicles in the ovarian parenchyma grow to varying sizes.

A

True

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14
Q
  1. most follicles have a diameter of approximately?
  2. Other follicles that mature fully, reaching up to?
A

1.5mm
2. 40 mm

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15
Q

_____ the largest female gamete in the animal kingdom

A

The mature oocyte of birds

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16
Q

Positioned meridionally (north-south direction relative to the body) in the follicle wall is a pale and relatively avascular region known as the

A

Stigma

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17
Q

Also known as ovogenesis, is the process by which female gametes, called ova (singular: ovum) or eggs, are formed in the ovaries.

A

Oogenesis

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18
Q

It is a process that prepares an egg for fertilization and potential development into a new organism

A

Oogenesis

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19
Q

The development and maturation of the polylecithal (yolk-rich) avian oocyte begins early in embryogenesis. Arrange in order.

__The oogonia undergo repeated mitotic division.
__ They remain in the diplotene stage of the prophase of meiosis until shortly before ovulation.
__ Primordial germ cells migrate from the embryonic yolk sac to the gonadal area where they differentiate into oogonia.
__ During this phase, the oocyte increases in size through the uptake of large amounts of yolk (vitellus) into its cytoplasm (vitellogenesis).
___ By the time they reach the prophase of their first meiotic division they are considered primary oocytes

A

2
4
1
5
3

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20
Q

It refers to the yolk protein formation that takes place within the developing oocyte (eggs) during their maturation phase

A

Vitellogenesis

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21
Q

Yolk formation takes place in three phases of different lengths.

A

True

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22
Q

Yolk formation, arrange in order.

__ is associated with a substantial accumulation of yolk, with the oocyte reaching its typical final size of around 40mm in the chicken and 20mm in the pigeon.
__ which may last several years, the oocytes
undergo a modest increase in size.
__ the oocyte grows markedly in volume over a period of 8–10 months, reaching 4mm in diameter in chickens.

A

3
1
2

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23
Q

___ is the process where a mature egg is released from an ovary, creating a brief window of opportunity for fertilization

A

Ovulation

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24
Q

The completion of the ____ occurs just a few hours prior to ovulation, resulting in a____ and production of the first polar body

A

First meiotic division
Secondary division

25
Q

____ occurs under the influence of the peptide hormone luteinising hormone (LH) produced by the adenohypophysis.

A

Ovulation

26
Q

__ is released by rupture of the follicular wall along the stigma.

A

Secondary oocyte

27
Q

It is a result in a mature female gamete, or ovum, and a second polar body

A

Second phase of meiosis

28
Q

The female is heterogsmetic in birds.

A

True

29
Q

The oocyte contains either a Z or W chromosome, whereas All avian spermatozoa contain the Z chromosome. Gender is therefore determined prior to fertilisation.

A

True

30
Q

Each subsequent ovulation takes place about half an hour after an egg is laid.

A

True

31
Q

___ are produced by endocrine cells of the thecal cells of the follicle and by the zonae parenchymatosae of the ovary.

A

Estrogen

32
Q

____ are produced by interstitial ovarian cells.

A

Androgens

33
Q

___ is capable of producing progesterone, thus
functionally resembling the mammalian corpus luteum.

A

The post-ovulatory follicle

34
Q

___ are responsible for stimulating the production of yolk by the liver.

A

Oestrogens

35
Q

___ is transferred via the bloodstream to the ovarian follicles.

A

Yolk

36
Q

Oviduct consist of?

A

Infundibulum
Magnum
Isthmus
Uterus
Vagina

37
Q

Development of the egg of the chicken, arrange it with time.

A

Infundibulum- 15mns
Magnum- 3hrs
Isthmus- 1.5hrs
Uterus- 20hrs
Vagina- 5-10 mns

38
Q

In the chicken, the passage of the egg through all of the segments of the oviduct takes approximately ___ hrs

A

25hrs

39
Q

Wall of the oviduct consist of?

A

Tunica mucosa
Tela submucosa
Tunica muscularis
Tunica serosa

40
Q

The circular and longitudinal muscle layers produce ____ that assist in transporting the egg, as well as antiperistaltic contractions that convey sperm in the opposite direction.

A

peristaltic contractions

41
Q

The ____ consists of a funnel-shaped proximal section and a tubular distal portion. Its opening (ostium infundibulare) is approximately 80mm wide in the chicken

A

Infundibulum

42
Q

Fertilisation of the oocyte by the spermatozoa occurs in this segment.

A

Infundibulum

43
Q

Transit of the oocyte through the infundibulum takes around __ minutes in the chicken

A

15-20mns

44
Q

During the infundibulum, glycoproteins and phospholipids secreted by the glands are laid down around the oocyte to form the ____

A

chalaziferous layer.

45
Q

In all birds, this segment is the longest and broadest segment of the female genital tract. In the chicken it reaches a length of 34cm.

A

Magnum

46
Q

Similar to the uterus of the pig, it follows a looping course (resembling that of the small intestine).

A

Magnum

47
Q

The time spent by the oocyte (or zygote) in the magnum is approximately ___ hrs

A

3hrs

48
Q

The oocyte (or zygote) passes through the isthmus in around ___hrs.

A

1.5hrs

49
Q

Their secretory product, comprising particularly stable sulphur- containing keratin-type proteins, is unique to this segment of the oviduct and forms the inner and outer shell membranes.

A

Isthmus

50
Q

The ___ is sometimes also referred to as the ‘shell gland’.

A

Uterus

51
Q

It continues from the isthmus without any obvious macroscopic demarcation and is about 8cm long in the chicken. Initially tubular, the ___ expands into a pouch-like segment.

A

Uterus

52
Q

The final component of the albumen is laid down in the ____, and the addition of a large amount of water substantially ‘plumps up’ the hygroscopic mix of proteins that make up the completed ‘egg white.

A

Uterus

53
Q

The egg spends around ___ hrs in the uterus, considerably longer than in any other segment of the oviduct.

A

20hrs

54
Q

The thin, organic outermost layer of the egg, known as the ___ is also derived from the uterus.

A

Cuticle

55
Q

At the junction between the uterus and the vagina, the already strong circular muscle thickens to form the ___

A

m. sphincter vaginae.

56
Q

___ is approximately 8cm long and folded upon itself into a sigmoid shape.

A

Vagina

57
Q

___ that serve as storage sites for sperm

A

tubular utero-vaginal sperm host glands

58
Q

The time taken for the egg to pass through the vagina is highly variable with an average range of ___ mns.

A

5-10 mns

59
Q

Egg membranes comprise the:

A

• Inner shell membrane
• Outer shell membrane

Physiology of Reproduction (3 decks)

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