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Physiology of Reproduction > Avian Male genital organs > Flashcards

Avian Male genital organs Flashcards

1
Q

The sexes are separate in birds?

A

True

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2
Q

The male genital organs are comprised of the?

A

Testes
Epididymides
Deferent ducts
Copulatory organ (phallus)
Accessory organs of the Phallus

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3
Q

Does the testes of birds are paired?

A

True

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4
Q

True or False
1. The testes do not undergo descent?
2. Birds also lack a scrotum

A

1.True
2. True

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5
Q

Both testes remain in the common body cavity, located in the ?

A

vicinity of the kidney

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6
Q

The potentially deleterious impact of the high avian body temperature (up to 41.5°C) on the developing spermatozoa within the internally located gonads is prevented by the elaboration of a richly branching ___ around the testes

A

Venous plexus

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7
Q

It serves as a heat exchange system for cooling of the testes

A

Venous plexus

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8
Q

The size and development of the testes exhibits marked variation associated with ?

A

Season, climate, age and breed

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9
Q

A double layer of serosa, the______ , attaches the epididymal border of each of the paired testes to the dorsal wall of the body cavity, near the kidneys

A

mesorchium

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10
Q

The increase in testicular size during the _____ brings the gonads into contact with the thoracic and abdominal air sacs. This has an additional cooling effect.

A

Breeding season

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11
Q

a single layer of serosa representing an invagination the wall of the intestinal peritoneal cavity

A

Peritoneum

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12
Q

the underlying tunica albuginea is relatively thin in most bird species

A

True

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13
Q

In the parenchyma of the avian testes, the _______ follow a tortuous course within the loose interstitial connective tissue.

A

highly coiled convoluted seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

During the _______ the tubules increase in length in proportion with the increase in size of the testes, up to a total of______ in chickens.

A
  1. Breeding season
  2. 250m
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15
Q

The intertubular connective tissue of the testis contains androstenone- producing?

A

Leydig cells

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16
Q

_______ forms a structural component of the diffusion barrier

A

The Membrana propria

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17
Q

The membrana propria forms a structural component of the diffusion barrier referred to as the?

A

Blood-testis-barrier

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18
Q

The duration of spermatogenesis, up to delivery of spermatozoa into the lumen of the convoluted seminiferous tubule, is usually?

A

no more than 12 days in the chicken

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19
Q

It is the process by which haploid sperm cells, known as spermatozoa develop from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes?

A

Spermatogenesis

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20
Q
  1. In birds, the rete testis is located ?
  2. And divided into?
A
  1. On the medial aspect of the testis
  2. Intratesticular, Intracapsular and Extracapsular
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21
Q

the epididymis reaches a length of only _____ in sexually active chickens

A

3-4mm

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22
Q

At the caudal pole of the epididymis it opens into the ___?

A

Deferent duct

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23
Q

_____ follows a strongly meandering course, occupying a retroperitoneal position ventromedial to the kidney.

A

Deferent duct

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24
Q

_____ opens at the ostium ductus deferentis located on the conical papilla ductus deferentis

A

Ductus deferens

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25
Q

The function of the ____ is to convey mature sperm

A

Ductus deferens

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26
Q

In male chickens, the white milky semen contains approximately ?

A

3.5 million sperm per microlitre

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27
Q

In chicken the volume of ejaculate is _____ and _____ in the ostrich.

A
  1. 0.5-1ml
  2. 2-5ml
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28
Q

1 liter is equal to 1,000,000 microliters

A

True

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29
Q

The phallus of the male bird is a component of the ?

A

Cloaca

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30
Q

What are the types of phallus?

A

non-protrusible (seen in chicken)
protrusible, intromittent

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31
Q

In chickens the median phallic body is visible in day-old chicks. It is rounded in ____ and comical in ___.

A
  1. Male
  2. Female
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32
Q

In chickens the median phallic body is visible in day-old chicks. It is rounded in males and conical in females. This subtle difference allows experienced operators to sex chicks at a very young age

A

True

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33
Q

What species does have a protrusible phallus?

A

Duck and geese

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34
Q

What species does have non-protrusible phallus?

A

Chicken

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35
Q

The components of the protrusible phallus include the:

A

• base (basis phalli),
• body (corpus phalli),
• phallic sacs (saccus cutaneus phalli and saccus glandularis phalli), • flexura phalli (non-erecti)/apex phalli (erecti)

36
Q

The ______ arises as the basis phalli in the ventral wall of the cloaca, where it rests in a trough-like plate of fibrocartilage, the corpus fibrocartilagineum

A

Phallus

37
Q

During ejaculation, semen flows over the surface of the phallus.

A

True

38
Q

It is responsible for erection, aided by contraction of the m. sphincter

A

Tuft filling of these cisterns

39
Q

During detumescence, the phallus is returned to its invaginated state by the action of the usually _____ in the ventral wall of the cloaca, with assistance from the elastic ligament of the phallus (highly developed in ducks), which runs through the centre of the erect phallus.

A

Muscle retractor phalli

40
Q

What are the 2 main components of Urinary system?

A

Kidney and Ureters

41
Q

It is To remove nitrogenous waste products from the blood and eliminate them from the body

A

Urinary System

42
Q

Maintaining the osmotic balance of electrolytes and salt in the blood and body tissues

A

Urinary System

43
Q

It is located dorsally, in the slight depression formed at the level of the synsacrum

A

Kidneys

44
Q

It is an extension of the main collecting ducts and surrounded by smooth muscle and can “milk” urates from the kidney or inhibit their flow into the cloaca

A

Ureters

45
Q

Urine passing through the _____ of the cloaca

A

ureters ends in the urodeum

46
Q

It is responsible for creating the little package of genetic material that will develop into another amazing avian creature

A

Reproductive System

47
Q

It is highly specialized and unique and the entire process of reproduction is periodic and under hormonal control

A

Reproductive system

48
Q

In temperate-zone birds, increasing daylight stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete substances that travel to the pituitary and cause the release of hormones that directly affect the reproductive process.

A

True

49
Q

The major reproductive organs are called?

A

Gonads

50
Q

Gonads are called?

A

Testes

51
Q

It is a organ on the left side of the body is larger

A

Testes

52
Q

During the nonbreeding season, the gonads are relatively small

A

True

53
Q

As the breeding season approaches, hormones stimulate the enlargement of the gonads, with up to a 300-fold increase in the size of the testes in males.

A

True

54
Q

After the season ends, the gonads shrink. This is another adaptation that has allowed birds to reduce unnecessary weight for flight

A

True

55
Q

___ bean-shaped organs located ____

A
  1. Testes
  2. Ventral to the anterior part of the kidney
56
Q

It is a production of a male gamete or the sequence of events in the development of avian spermatozoa from spermatogonia

A

Spermatogenesis

57
Q

Testes are a Paired organs responsible for sperm production through ____?

A

Spermatogenesis

58
Q

It resemble tadpoles with relatively large heads and mobile tails.

A

Spermatozoa

59
Q

The spermatozoa travel down a curvy, ciliated tube, called ____ to a storage pouch called _____.

A
  1. Vas deferens
  2. Seminal Vesicle
60
Q

To pass sperm to the female.

A

Copulation

61
Q

This behavior is stimulated by androgens, which are male hormones produced in the testes by the ____?

A
  1. Copulation
  2. Leydig cells
62
Q

The Copulation is achieved in one of two ways.
• In most species, sperm transfer occurs when the male and female bring their cloacae into close proximity.
• In some species, such as ducks, geese, Galliformes, storks, and flamingos, a grooved, erectile penis is attached to the wall of the cloaca to help transfer sperm into the female’s vagina.

A

True

63
Q

200 million sperm are transferred during a single copulatory event. What species ?

A

Pigeons

64
Q

8 billion sperm are transferred. What species?

A

Domestic chicken

65
Q

It is located within the body cavity – able to function at body
temperature (about 41-420C for domestic species).

A

Testes

66
Q

the testes internal structure are composed of?

A

Seminiferous tubules
Sertoli cells
Leydig cells
Stem cells

67
Q

It is a small ducts that connect the testes to the epididymis. Serve to transport sperm from the testes to the epididymis

A

Vasa efferentia

68
Q

It serve as storage sites for spermatozoa.

A

the deferent duct and the enlargement

69
Q

Accessory organs of the male?

A

• Vasa efferentia
• Epididymides (pl. epididymis)
• Vasa deferentia
• Ejaculatory groove
• Phallus (penis)

70
Q

____ derived from the seminiferous tubules and vasa efferentia

A

Seminal plasma

71
Q

The ejaculatory groove of the erected phallus is formed at the time of sexual excitation when several folds in the ventral cloaca become engorged with lymph .

A

True

72
Q

It refers to a clear fluid that fills the tissue spaces within the folds of the ventral cloaca during sexual excitation

A

engorged with lymph

73
Q
  1. What species does have a phallus?
A

1.Male chicken (cock or rooster) and Turkey (tom)

74
Q

A species that do not perform intromission, they Transfer semen to the female by touching the phallus to the female vagina, that part of the female reproductive tract terminating at the cloaca

A

Make chicken and turkey

75
Q

A species that Have sizable penises and Intromission is accomplished at mating.

A

Duck and geese

76
Q

Protrusion of the genitalia and forceful expulsion of semen follows external stroking of the base of the tail.

A

Cock

77
Q

Phallic eversion follows similar stimulation

A

Tom

78
Q

Semen is generally released only after pressure is applied to the terminal storage depots (terminal enlargements of the deferent ducts)

A

True

79
Q

It is a Acts of Leydig cells in the testes to promote testicular development and testosterone production – the primary male sex hormone

A

Luteinizing hormone

80
Q

____ is crucial for maintaining male reproductive health, including the development of secondary sexual characteristics, such as the growth of comb and wattles, as well as behavioral traits associated with courtship and mating.

A

Testosterone

81
Q

Supports the maturation of sperm within the testes and their release into the reproductive tract

A

Luteinizing hormone

82
Q

Acts on Sertoli cells and Stimulates the seminiferous tubules in the testes to support spermatogenesis, the process of sperm production.

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

83
Q

FSH promoted the growth and development of sperm cells into mature spermatozoa and this process is called?

A

Spermatogonia

84
Q

Plays a role in maintaining the structure and function of the testes, ensuring their proper function in producing sperm.

A

FSH

85
Q

Average volume of ejaculate
cock =
Tom=

A

Chicken (Cock)= 0.5ml
Turkey (tom)= 0.3ml

86
Q

Sperm concentration
Cock=
Tom=

A

Cock = 4billion/ml
Tom= 10billion/ml

87
Q

After mating or artificial insemination, ____ are found in sperm storage glands of the female that are located in the_____ , near its junction with the uterus.

A
  1. Sperm
  2. Vagina

Physiology of Reproduction (3 decks)

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