LESSON #1 Flashcards
The act of asking any question
Inquiry
A systematic inquiry
Research
An exhaustive inquiry
Research
What does research mean?
To repeatedly search for answers
Cerchier
To seek
Re
Repeat/again
3 Approaches in Research
- Quantitative
- Qualitative
- Mixed Method
3 Approaches in Mixed Method
- Convergent Parallel
- Exploratory Sequential
- Explanatory Sequential
Quali —> quanti
Exploratory Sequential
Quanti —> quali
Explanatory Sequential
True or False: QR is a subjective investigation.
False, objective
What does QR focus on?
Numbers/numerical analysis and their relationships with events
True or False: In terms of methodology, QR has faster data collection.
False, slower
True or False: In terms of methodology, QR has faster data analysis.
True
The 7 Characteristics of QR
- Objective
- Clearly defined research questions
- Structured research instruments
- Numerical Data
- Large sample sizes
- Replication
- Future Outcomes
True or False: In QR, we use inductive reasoning.
False, deductive
True or False: QR is replicable.
True
QR helps in quali because?
The results collected from QR can also strengthen the data obtained from quali, making it less subjective. This narrows down possible conclusions and directions to follow.
True or False: QR is cheap if conducted.
False, costly
True or False: QR relies on only a small number of respondents.
False, large sample
True or False: It is easy to gather information using structured research instruments in QR.
False, difficult
True or False: Contextual factors that explain variations and results in QR are usually ignored.
True
True or False: If QR process is not done correctly, yielded data will be inaccurate and incomplete.
True
This defines the next steps of your research
Research Design
An overall strategy to integrate components of the study in a coherent and logical way
Research Design
2 Kinds of QR
- Non-Experimental
- Experimental
What kind of QR has manipulation of variables?
Experimental
What kind of QR studies variables in their natural occurrence?
Non-Experimental
What kind of QR does not involve the manipulation of variables?
Non-Experimental
What kind of QR establishes causality?
Experimental
What kind of QR establishes the association or relationship between variables?
Non-Experimental
What kind of QR studies the cause and effect between variables?
Experimental
What kind of QR involves studying an intervention or treatment?
Experimental
Kinds of Non-Experimental QR
- Descriptive
- Ex-Post Facto / Causal Comparative
- Comparative
- Evaluative
- Methodological
Obtains a measure of scores
Descriptive Research Design
Serves as a starting point for hypothesis generation and theory development
Descriptive Research Design
Main objective is to observe, describe, and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs
Descriptive Research Design
2 Types of Descriptive Research Design
- Survey
- Correlational
What DRD is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and studying samples?
Survey
What DRD is used to have a general picture of your population?
Survey
2 Types of Survey
- Cross-sectional
- Longitudinal
A survey happening over time with the same participants all throughout
Longitudinal
A survey conducted during a specific point in time
Cross-sectional
A survey that evidently demonstrates the trend and direction of the data
Longitudinal
What kind of DRD is used to find the association or relationship between different variables/groups of respondents under study?
Correlational
True or False: Correlational DRD both describes the relationship and explains the why behind it.
False, does not explain why
3 Types of Correlational DRD
- Bivariate Correlational Studies
- Prediction Studies
- Multiple Regression Prediction Studies
A kind of Correlational DRD including 2 variables that correlate with one another.
Bivariate Correlational Studies
A kind of Correlational DRD that uses correlation coefficient to show how V1 predicts V2
Prediction Studies
V1
Predictor Variable
V2
Criterion Variable
A kind of Correlational DRD involving multiple variables for predicting V2
Multiple Regression Prediction Studies
True or False: In MRPS, you can also have many V2s.
True
“after the fact”
Ex-Post Facto
Discusses why and how a phenomenon occurs
Causal-Comparative
Derives conclusions from observations and manifestations that have already occurred in the past
Ex-Post Facto
The phenomenon was already existing before conducting your study
Ex-Post Facto
Comparing or contrasting 2 or more samples on 1 or more variables
Comparative
True or False: Comparative QR is done throughout time.
False, often only in a single point in time
Relies on evidence-based data
Evaluative
Usually done to see if a program or policy is working / effective
Evaluative
Aims to determine what happened during an activity or in an institution
Evaluative
Involves the act of implementing methodologies
Methodological
Data from different disciplines are integrated
Methodological
Meta-research
Methodological
Achieves goal of developing a scale-matched approach
Methodological
The deliberate alteration or change in one or more IVs to observe their effects on DV
Manipulation
Minimizes the element of bias
Randomization
Involves the random assignment of participants to different experimental groups
Randomization
The careful management of variables in an experiment to minimize sources of error or bias
Control
Variables that are not emphasized in the study but still could affect the results of the study
Extraneous Variables
A group with no treatment provided
Control Group
Treatment Group
A group with treatment
Kinds of Experimental Research Design
- Pre-Experimental
- Quasi-Experimental
- True Experimental
Has the least internal validity
Pre-Experimental
The researcher has little control over the research
Pre-Experimental
Looks for causal relationships
Pre-Experimental
Kinds of Pre-Experimental Research
- One-Shot Case Study Research Design
- One Group Pre-Test Post-Test Research Design
There is no point of comparison in this group
OSCS
Treatment of a single group
Pre-Experimental
Takes only a single measurement after the experiment
(Post-Test) OSCS
Analyzes only post-test results
OSCS
Process in OSCS
Experimental Group —> Treatment —> Post-Test
Treatment of a single group but takes 2 measures into account
OGPTPT
Process of OGPTPT
Pre-Test —> Intervention/Treatment —> Post-Test
True or False: In Pre-Experimental, manipulation and control are both present.
False, only manipulation
Only partially or half-true
Quasi-Experimental
Nearly a true experiment, but there is something lacking
Quasi-Experimental
True or False: In QE, there is randomization and control.
False, manipulation and control
Why is there no randomization in QE?
The researches chooses pre-existing groups
The researcher has control over the variables, treatment, and the subjects
True Experimental
Subjects are randomly assigned to groups
True Experimental
True or False: In TE, MR. C is complete.
True
Kinds of True Experimental Research Design
- Pre-test Post-test only control group
- Post-test only control group
- Solomon Four Group Design
A kind of TERD that has both pre-test and post-test
PTPTOCG
True or False: PTPTOCG is the only group wherein both the experimental and control groups are both present.
False, also PTOCG
Solomon Four Group Design Process
- Subjects are assigned to 1 or 4 groups
- Pre-test is given to 2 groups
- Post-test is given to all 4 groups
How many experimental and control groups are there in SFGD?
2 each
