CHAPTER THREE (ST) Flashcards
What is the title of Chapter 3 called?
Research Methodology
This chapter provides the methods and procedures used.
Chapter 3
This chapter provides detailed information on the research design, participants, equipment, variables, and actions taken by the researchers.
Chapter 3
The 2 Purposes of Research Methodology
- Replicate
- Evaluate
Elements of Chapter 3
- Introductory Statement
- Research Design
- Research Setting
- Research Subjects
- Research Ethics
- Research Instruments (includes validation)
- Data Gathering Procedure
- Statistical Treatment
Tells the readers the sub-areas of chapter 3 and how you will address each of the
Introduction / Introductory Statement
Here, you briefly restate the problem statement, purpose of the study, and the research questions.
Introduction / Introductory Statement
Serves as a blueprint or skeletal framework of a study
Design
True or False: Experimental and non-experimental are examples of research approaches.
False, research designs
True or False: Qualitative and quantitative are examples of research designs.
False, approaches
True or False: In the research design, the chosen design must be justified.
True
True or False: In the research design, you must specify the variables and their levels or measurements.
True
This part includes a description of the geographic characteristics and boundaries of the study.
Research Setting
True or False: In the research setting, you must state the reasons why you chose that particular place.
True
True or False: In special cases, anonymity must always be observed.
True
This part describes the demographic characteristics of the study participants
Research Subjects
True or False: The population and sampling procedures are discussed in the research instrument.
False, research subjects
Specifics about the population and sampling techniques discussed in the research subjects section:
- Number of respondents
- Profile of the respondents
- Sampling techniques used
The process of selecting a sample or portion of the population.
Sampling
True or False: The smaller the sampling size, the better.
False
Why are bigger samples better?
Because of the sampling error
When do sampling errors occur?
If the sample selection process does not go the way it was originally planned.
This can result in the over-representation or under-representation of a segment or portion of the population.
Sampling Error
True or False: Sampling error depends on the sample size.
True
The two main types of sampling techniques
- Non-Probability or Non-Random Sampling
- Probability or Random Sampling
The 4 Types of Non-Random Sampling
- Purposive / Judgment
- Convenience
- Snowball
- Quota
The 4 Main Types of Probability or Random Sampling
- Simple Random
- Systematic
- Stratified
- Cluster
These are moral principles governing how researchers should execute their study.
Research Ethics
These refer to regulations agreed by professional and recognized groups or bodies.
Research Ethics
This refers to the part wherein the researcher can attest that the study was conducted with consideration of the rights of the research subjects involved.
Research Ethics
True or False: In the research ethics section, principles observed in the study should be enumerated.
True
True or False: Research participants should not be subjected to harm in any way whatsoever.
True
True or False: The anonymity of individuals and organizations involved in the study must be ensured.
True
True or False: Any form of affiliation, funding sources, and possible conflicts of interest must be declared.
True
True or False: Any type of misleading information and biased representation of findings must be avoided.
True
Things to specify in the research instruments (questionnaires)
- Number and types of questionnaires used
- Number of items
- The nature of the instrument
Things to specify in the research instruments (tests/tools/materials)
- Name and description
- Nature of the instrument
True or False: The step-by-step process for data gathering must be explained comprehensively by the researchers.
True
True or False: For experimental designs, the intervention or treatment of subjects must be described in depth / in detail.
True
This refers to the statistical formula used in the study to analyze data.
Statistical Treatment
True or False: In the statistical treatment part, variables involved and the purpose of statistical measures must be discussed.
True
Percentage Formula for Statistical Treatment
P = f/n x 100
(f = frequency, P = percentage, n = sample size)
Mean Formula for Statistical Treatment
Mean (X bar) = Sum of all Xs / n
(X bar = sample mean, x = the value of any observations, n = total number of values in the sample)
Kinds of Statistical Treatments
- Z-test
- t-test
- spearman rank correlation (Spearman’s rho)
- Pearson product-moment correlation (Pearson’s r)
- Chi-square test
- Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Two Types of Statistics
- Inferential
- Descriptive
A kind of statistics used for SOP questions
Descriptive Statistics
A kind of statistics using the mean, median, and mode
Descriptive Statistics
A kind of statistics aiming to answer hypothesis questions
Inferential Statistics
Two types of inferential statistics.
- Parametric
- Non-Parametric
A sampling technique also known as multi-stage sampling
Cluster Sampling
Psychometric Properties (Research Validation)
- Validity
- Reliability
Accuracy
Validity
Consistency
Reliability
Reliability
Consistency
Validity
Accuracy
Which of the two psychometric properties needs to be applied in a global scale?
Reliability / Consistency
Emphasizes the consent and rights of the research subjects
Autonomy
Emphasizes no risk or harm on the research subjects
Non-maleficence
Emphasizes the benefits the research subjects will get from your study
Beneficence
Emphasizes no violation of rights or commitment of any discriminatory acts
Justice
