Lesson 1 Flashcards
definition of phonetics and phonology:
how the distinctive sounds of a language are combined to create meaningful units
definition of phoneme:
“building block”, unit of analysis. We identify the phonemes by comparing words that differ by only one sound. In standard English we have 26 consonants and 20 vowels (plus diphthongs) that are phonemes.
Definition of morphology:
How small meaningful units, smaller than words, are combined to create words.
Definition of morpheme
It can change the inflection (whether a word is singular or plural, base form of a verb or a past form, adjective-comparative form of adjective), the derivation or compounding
Definition of syntax:
How words are combined to create larger units. Phrases, clauses and sentences are groups of words but phrases don’t have a subject and predicate and are found inside clauses. Clauses have a subject and a predicate and are found inside sentences which are made of one or more clauses and are found inside texts.
Definition of text:
It is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length that does from a unified whole. It is a unit of language in use i.e. it occurs in a context.
What is texture?
Is the defining property of a text. Semantic relations between items in the text are achieved through links between grammatical and lexical items, but also between lexical items. Patterns of texture may operate within or beyond the boundaries of a sentence. Forces that keep in the text together. Non-structural text-forming relations.
Definition of coherence:
Refers to consistency and continuity of topics and meanings in a text.
Definition of cohesion:
Semantic concept which can be expressed as the relations of meaning existing within a text and made possible through a set of devices, better known as ties or links.
Definition of (co-) Reference:
Entails the meaning of pointing to something, being it a person, an animal, an object, a concept and so forth.
Definition of intertextual reference:
Explicit or implicit references made to another text or texts. There may be quotations from one text in another one, or the use of a similar organization.
Definition of Allusion:
Figure of speech that references a person, place, thing or event. Each of these concepts can be real or imaginary, referring to anything from fiction, to folklore, to historical events and religious manuscripts.
What are the main linguistic features of idioms?
-multi-word expressions (but lexical units)
-no complete sentences (very often)
-fixed expressions
-no literal meaning (idiomaticity)
-metaphorical processes
-culture-specific items
