Lesson 09: Southwest Culture Area- Athabaskan Peoples

Question 1

Speakers of southern Athapaskan languages including dine ( Navajo)

Answer 1

Apachean groups

Question 2

Farmer foragers of central and western Arizona including Havasupai, Mohave, Maricopa

Answer 2

Yuman groups

Question 3

Farmers foragers of southern Arizona and Northern Mexico in Sonoran desert. Speakers of Uto-Aztecan languages including Pima and Tohono O’odham

Answer 3

Piman groups

Question 4

small scale agriculture of maize-beans-squash, these groups supplemented their diet with a variety of wild beans, roots, and edible plants, as well as a small game animals (especially rabbits)

Answer 4

River Yuman Groups

Question 5

Gathered a wide variety of wild plants, including yucca, grasses, mesquite, juniper berries, and pinon nuts

Answer 5

Upland Yuman Groups

Question 6

groups include ? and ?

Answer 6

Pima and Tohono O’odham

Question 7

Traditionally, Piman groups relied on 3 different types of economic adaptations
1.
2.
3.

Answer 7

1. Mobile foraging Tohono O’odham
2. Semi-sedentary forager-farmer Tohono O’odham
3. Sendentary farming Pima

Question 8

In areas where ? more abundant, groups shifted residence between 2 seasonal settlements

Answer 8

rainfall

Question 9

In contrast to Tohono O’odham, Pima farmers lived in stable villages near ? river
- rainfall in this area was more abundant, and combined with water diverted from Gila River, it gave Pima the most reliable ?? of all Piman peoples

Answer 9

Gila

-water supplies

Question 10

2 main groups of Athabaskan speakers in the southwest are ?, who further divide themselves into several and ?

Answer 10

Apache and Navajo

Question 11

Navajo prefer to be called by name they use to refer to themselves, Dine, which means “??” or the “The children of the holy people”

Answer 11

“The People”

Question 12

term navajo comes from their ?? neighbors and means “takers from the field”

Answer 12

Tewa Pueblo

Question 13

Cultural similarities between Southern and Northern Athabaskans include traditional small, round, log homes of Dine, which are similar to log homes used by Athabaskan groups in ?

Answer 13

Canada

Question 14

Usually divided in 6 broad categories of named groups: ?, Western Apache, Jicarilla Apache, ??, Chiracahua Apache, ?? and Plains Apache

Answer 14

Dine, Mescalero Apache, Lipan Apache

Question 15

Each group has more or less informal leader known as ?, usually with title that loosely translates as “he who speaks”

Answer 15

Headman

Question 16

? culture is something of mixture between practices and beliefs of groups geographically closest to them, at times mixing cultural practices of more mobile ? peoples and ? peoples

Answer 16

Plains and Puebloan

Question 17

in terms of material culture, many Apache lived in kind of temporary structure known as ?

Answer 17

Wickiup

Question 18

Puberty rite for all young women

- girl would receive “burden basket” gifts from her godmother and other close female relatives

Answer 18

Sunrise Ceremony

Question 19

One of most famous Apaches in history was war leader ?, whose entire family was murdered by Mexican troops in 1858

Answer 19

Geronimo

Question 20

today, Navajo Nation controls largest Native territory in US” more than ?? acres

Answer 20

17 million

Question 21

Navajo Nation ranks second in pop. among Native Nations in US with over 298,000 enrolled members, of which over 173,000 live in ?? (term often used to refer to collective lands under control of Navajo Nation)

Answer 21

Dine Rikeyah

Question 22

maintain that their ultimate origins lay in their ancestral homeland, ? (“among, in the area of the people”)

Answer 22

Dinetah

Question 23

Area is centered just south of four corners border region and is bounded by 4 sacred mountains: ?? and Blanca Peak (Colorado), Mount Tylor (New Mexico) and San Francisco Peaks (Arizona)

Answer 23

Hesperus Peak

Question 24

more than ? of territory of Navajo (Dine) nation is characterized as warm, very dry desert condition

Answer 24

1/2

Question 25

Dine families lived in ?

Answer 25

Hogons

Question 26

Dine say they are “born of” or “??” their mother’s clan and “??” their father’s can

Answer 26

“born in”

“born for”

Question 27

Rules of clan ? (recall it is a requirement to marry outside of group) forbid marriage to members of father’s clan as well

Answer 27

Exogamy

Question 28

Dine are ? from marrying anyone whose father is of some clan as themselves bc people who are “born for” same clan consider themselves to be ?

Answer 28

Discouraged; siblings

Question 29

Eldest woman in residence group was called ?? and she organized economic activities of her daughters to ensure that all domestic tasks were completed on time

Answer 29

Head Mother

Question 30

Leaders were known as ?, who were usually, but not always men

Answer 30

notani

Question 31

Knowing all of appropriate “??” songs was requisite to leading warriors in war party

Answer 31

“war way”

Question 32

At beginning of this world, ?? and ?? who were called Holy People, ascended thro “hole of emergence” into this place, fifth world
-created “Earth Surface People” and taught them how to survive and act

Answer 32

First Man and First Woman

Question 33

Human figures near center represent ?? and ??, who are different from first man and first woman

Answer 33

Changing man and changing woman

Question 34

Chips of 4 precious materials that hold up world (????) are buried under frame posts of house at each of 4 cardinal directions

• divided into make (to left on entrance) and female (to right of entrance) sectors
• people must move between male (mountain world) and female (corn world) sections of hogan by moving in clockwise or “sunwise” direction

Answer 34

Shell, turquoise, abalone and obsidion

Question 35

Central to Dine belief systems is concept of ? term that can be translated “beauty” but also refers to harmony, order and peacefulness

Answer 35

hozba

Question 36

Dine rituals, ceremonies and chants formed complex system for ?, blessing and purification to maintain harmony in universe

Answer 36

Curing

Question 37

Numerous ceremonies or rituals were organized into categories of called “ways”
-?- played particularly important role as curing ritual performed to counteract witchcraft or contact with dead

Answer 37

Blessingway

Question 38

with Dine community, there are religious leaders called ? who are believed to have vast knowledge of ritual and understanding of spirit world
- word means “singer who leads ceremony”

Answer 38

Hataalii

Question 39

With Apache, one of most important Dine ceremonies is ? or girls puberty rite

Answer 39

Kinaalda

Question 40

Dine have intense fear of ?, which are ghosts of “Earth surface” dead

Answer 40

Chinde

Question 41

these were people who lived and dies, not those who have always been ? (such as Holy People)

Answer 41

Spirits

Question 42

spirits are believed to terrify ? and inflict sort of “ghost sickness”

Answer 42

Horses

Question 43

Tatics eventually worked, and Dine were froced to go on ??

Answer 43

Long Walk

Question 44

Dine remained imprisoned at ?? until 1868 when they were given freedom to their homelands and treaty granting 3.5 million acres for reservation

Answer 44

Fort Sumner

Question 45

Navajo nation has one of highest ? rates in US

Answer 45

Poverty

Question 46

Statistics are long term result complex combination of inequitable royaties paid to navajo nation for its resources, US gov interference in Dine lifeways and difficulty in growing DIne owned businesses that can compete with ?? on off-reservations towns

Answer 46

Employment opportunites