Lesson 09: Southwest Culture Area- Athabaskan Peoples Flashcards
Speakers of southern Athapaskan languages including dine ( Navajo)
Apachean groups
Farmer foragers of central and western Arizona including Havasupai, Mohave, Maricopa
Yuman groups
Farmers foragers of southern Arizona and Northern Mexico in Sonoran desert. Speakers of Uto-Aztecan languages including Pima and Tohono O’odham
Piman groups
small scale agriculture of maize-beans-squash, these groups supplemented their diet with a variety of wild beans, roots, and edible plants, as well as a small game animals (especially rabbits)
River Yuman Groups
Gathered a wide variety of wild plants, including yucca, grasses, mesquite, juniper berries, and pinon nuts
Upland Yuman Groups
groups include ? and ?
Pima and Tohono O’odham
Traditionally, Piman groups relied on 3 different types of economic adaptations
1.
2.
3.
- Mobile foraging Tohono O’odham
- Semi-sedentary forager-farmer Tohono O’odham
- Sendentary farming Pima
In areas where ? more abundant, groups shifted residence between 2 seasonal settlements
rainfall
In contrast to Tohono O’odham, Pima farmers lived in stable villages near ? river
- rainfall in this area was more abundant, and combined with water diverted from Gila River, it gave Pima the most reliable ?? of all Piman peoples
Gila
-water supplies
2 main groups of Athabaskan speakers in the southwest are ?, who further divide themselves into several and ?
Apache and Navajo
Navajo prefer to be called by name they use to refer to themselves, Dine, which means “??” or the “The children of the holy people”
“The People”
term navajo comes from their ?? neighbors and means “takers from the field”
Tewa Pueblo
Cultural similarities between Southern and Northern Athabaskans include traditional small, round, log homes of Dine, which are similar to log homes used by Athabaskan groups in ?
Canada
Usually divided in 6 broad categories of named groups: ?, Western Apache, Jicarilla Apache, ??, Chiracahua Apache, ?? and Plains Apache
Dine, Mescalero Apache, Lipan Apache
Each group has more or less informal leader known as ?, usually with title that loosely translates as “he who speaks”
Headman
? culture is something of mixture between practices and beliefs of groups geographically closest to them, at times mixing cultural practices of more mobile ? peoples and ? peoples
Plains and Puebloan
in terms of material culture, many Apache lived in kind of temporary structure known as ?
Wickiup
Puberty rite for all young women
- girl would receive “burden basket” gifts from her godmother and other close female relatives
Sunrise Ceremony
One of most famous Apaches in history was war leader ?, whose entire family was murdered by Mexican troops in 1858
Geronimo
today, Navajo Nation controls largest Native territory in US” more than ?? acres
17 million
Navajo Nation ranks second in pop. among Native Nations in US with over 298,000 enrolled members, of which over 173,000 live in ?? (term often used to refer to collective lands under control of Navajo Nation)
Dine Rikeyah
maintain that their ultimate origins lay in their ancestral homeland, ? (“among, in the area of the people”)
Dinetah
Area is centered just south of four corners border region and is bounded by 4 sacred mountains: ?? and Blanca Peak (Colorado), Mount Tylor (New Mexico) and San Francisco Peaks (Arizona)
Hesperus Peak
more than ? of territory of Navajo (Dine) nation is characterized as warm, very dry desert condition
1/2
Dine families lived in ?
Hogons
Dine say they are “born of” or “??” their mother’s clan and “??” their father’s can
“born in”
“born for”
Rules of clan ? (recall it is a requirement to marry outside of group) forbid marriage to members of father’s clan as well
Exogamy
Dine are ? from marrying anyone whose father is of some clan as themselves bc people who are “born for” same clan consider themselves to be ?
Discouraged; siblings
Eldest woman in residence group was called ?? and she organized economic activities of her daughters to ensure that all domestic tasks were completed on time
Head Mother
Leaders were known as ?, who were usually, but not always men
notani
Knowing all of appropriate “??” songs was requisite to leading warriors in war party
“war way”
At beginning of this world, ?? and ?? who were called Holy People, ascended thro “hole of emergence” into this place, fifth world
-created “Earth Surface People” and taught them how to survive and act
First Man and First Woman
Human figures near center represent ?? and ??, who are different from first man and first woman
Changing man and changing woman
Chips of 4 precious materials that hold up world (????) are buried under frame posts of house at each of 4 cardinal directions
- divided into make (to left on entrance) and female (to right of entrance) sectors
- people must move between male (mountain world) and female (corn world) sections of hogan by moving in clockwise or “sunwise” direction
Shell, turquoise, abalone and obsidion
Central to Dine belief systems is concept of ? term that can be translated “beauty” but also refers to harmony, order and peacefulness
hozba
Dine rituals, ceremonies and chants formed complex system for ?, blessing and purification to maintain harmony in universe
Curing
Numerous ceremonies or rituals were organized into categories of called “ways”
-?- played particularly important role as curing ritual performed to counteract witchcraft or contact with dead
Blessingway
with Dine community, there are religious leaders called ? who are believed to have vast knowledge of ritual and understanding of spirit world
- word means “singer who leads ceremony”
Hataalii
With Apache, one of most important Dine ceremonies is ? or girls puberty rite
Kinaalda
Dine have intense fear of ?, which are ghosts of “Earth surface” dead
Chinde
these were people who lived and dies, not those who have always been ? (such as Holy People)
Spirits
spirits are believed to terrify ? and inflict sort of “ghost sickness”
Horses
Tatics eventually worked, and Dine were froced to go on ??
Long Walk
Dine remained imprisoned at ?? until 1868 when they were given freedom to their homelands and treaty granting 3.5 million acres for reservation
Fort Sumner
Navajo nation has one of highest ? rates in US
Poverty
Statistics are long term result complex combination of inequitable royaties paid to navajo nation for its resources, US gov interference in Dine lifeways and difficulty in growing DIne owned businesses that can compete with ?? on off-reservations towns
Employment opportunites
