Lesions Flashcards
1
Q
Lesions of the medial lemniscus at any level will result in
A
Loss of fine touch and conscious proprioception of the opposite side of the body
2
Q
Lesions of the spinothalamic tract at any level will result in
A
Loss of pain and temperature of the opposite side of the body
3
Q
Hemisection of the spinal cord results in
A
Ipsilateral loss of fine touch and proprioception for the body (due to damage of dorsal columns)
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature for the body (due to damage of spinothalamic tracts)
Ipsilateral loss of fine touch and pain/temp may be seen at level of lesion due to damage to the dorsal roots
4
Q
Ipsilateral loss of fine touch and proprioception for the body and contralateral loss of pain and temperature for the body is known as _ syndrome
A
Brown-Sequard Syndrome
5
Q
Damage to the ventral medial medulla on one side causes
A
Loss of fine touch and conscious proprioception on the side of the body contralateral to the lesion
6
Q
Damage to the lateral half of the rostral medulla results in _ syndrome
A
Wallenberg’s syndrome
7
Q
Damage to the lateral half of the rostral medulla causes
A
Loss of pain and temp for Ipsilateral face and loss of pain and temp for contralateral body
8
Q
Ipsilateral loss of pain and temp for the face and contralateral loss of pain and temp for the body is called _ syndrome
A
Wallenberg
9
Q
Astereogenosis
A
May occur after damage to the parietal lobe in and around postcentral gyrus
Difficulty identifying items placed in hand if not allowed to use eyes
Due to damage of dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway leading to a. Loss of fine touch
Damage to superior parietal lobe- difficulty identifying objects
Damage to post central gyrus- difficulty discriminating size and shape of objects
10
Q
Lesions of lower motor neurons causes _ paralysis
A
Flaccid (decreased tone and reflexes)
11
Q
Damage to upper motor neurons causes _ paralysis
A
Spastic (increased tone and reflexes)
12
Q
Rabies virus
A
Retrograde transport of rabies virus from peripheral nerves to LMN of the ventral horn of the spinal cord and to the CNS
13
Q
Poliovirus
A
Pi coronavirus spreads from gut to spinal cord where it destroys neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord
Virus also kills LMN in the brainstem
14
Q
Spinal Muscular Atrophy
A
Autosomal recessive neurodegenrative disease caused by loss of function mutation in caused by deletion of exon 7 in SMN1 gene (encodes survival motor neuron proteins)
Causes muscular atrophy due to a lack of input from lower motor neurons
15
Q
Lesions of LMN causes
A
Paralysis
16
Q
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
A
Gain of function mutation in SOD1 gene causes degeneration of UMN and LMN
May have UMN signs (spasticity) and/or LMN signs (fasciculations, muscle atrophy)
17
Q
Patient can wrinkle forehead of both sides
Right lower face droops
A
Central facial palsy
UMN loss
L corticobulbar tract lesion
18
Q
Patient can wrinkle forehead on left side only and right lower face droops
A
Bell’s Palsy
Right CN VII lesion
19
Q
Loss with stoke involving middle cerebral artery
A
Motor findings: precentral gyrus
Contralateral weakness of lower face
Contralateral spastic paralysis of upper body
Sensory findings: postcentral gyrus
Contralateral decreased sensation for face and upper body
If cognitive findings or visual loss are present the lesion is in cerebral cortex
20
Q
Lacunar stroke involving motor axons of internal capsule
A
Affects motor neurons to face, upper/lower body on one side
Contralateral weakness of lower face
Contralateral spastic paralysis of upper and lower body
21
Q
Webers syndrome
A
Damage to ventral midbrain
UM findings:
Contralateral weakness of lower face
Contralateral spastic paralysis of upper and lower body
LM findings:
Ipsilateral CN III weakness (Third nerve palsy-localizes lesion to the midbrain)
22
Q
Damage to the ventral-medial medulla (caused by anterior spinal artery occlusion)
A
Medial Medullary “Dejerine” Syndrome
Motor findings:
Contralateral spastic paralysis of limbs (UMN loss- damage to pyramids, corticospinal tract)
Ipsilateral weakness of the tongue (LMN loss- damage to CN XII)- tongue points toward lesion
Sensory findings:
Contralateral loss of fine touch and conscious proprioception for the limbs (damage to the medial lemniscus)
23
Q
Brown Seuqard Syndrome
A
Motor:
Spinal shock: initially flaccid paralysis, but spastic paralysis emerges over time
Spastic paralysis in Ipsilateral limb below level of lesion
Flaccid paralysis of Ipsilateral limb at level of lesion
Sensory:
Ipsilateral loss of fine touch and proprioception for the body and contralateral loss of pain and temperature for the body
Caused by trauma
24
Q
Decorticate posturing
A
Lesion above red nucleus
Loss of corticospinal tract and disinhibition of rubrospinal tract
25
Decerebrate rigidity
Lesion at the level of red nucleus or lower
Upper and lower limbs extended
Loss of rubrospinal tract
26
Damage to sacral spinal cord levels
Destroys micturition reflex leading to reflex incontinence
27
Damage to UMN causes
Spastic paralysis
28
Damage to LMN causes
Flaccid paralysis
29
Parkinson’s disease
Damage to substantia nigra
Decreased dopamine, increased activation of the indirect pathway leading to hypokinetic movement
30
Huntington disease
Autosomal dominant CAG repeats (polyglutamine tracts), gain of function mutation in HTT, genetic anticipation
Degeneration of the GABAnergic neurons of the striatum (disruption of the indirect pathway)
Behavior change, cognitive impairment, involuntary movements and/or rigidity (hypermovement disorder)
chorea
31
Wilson disease
Autosomal recessive loss of function mutation in ATP7B gene (copper transport)
Accumulation of copper damages basal ganglia (putamen and liver
movement disorder, Kayser-Fleischer rings
32
Hemiballismus
Lesion of subthalamic nucleus
Hyperkinetic disorder on contralateral side of damage
33
Lesions in the cerebellum cause
Ataxia
34
Symptoms of lesions to the cerebellar pathways and the cerebrum will be _ to the side of the lesion in the cerebellum
Ipsilateral
35
Lesions of the vestibulocerebellum cause
Symptoms on Ipsilateral side of the lesion in the cerebellum
36
Lesions of the vestibulocerebellum cause
Impaired balance and wide-based gait
Maker nystagmus
37
Lesions of the spinocerebellar pathways result in
Stomping gate
38
Lesions of the cerebrocerebellum result in
Initiation tremor
Difficulty with skilled movements
Subtle nystagmus
39
Lateral medullary “Walleberg” syndrome
Stroke involving PICA or vertebral artery
Ipsilateral pain and temp loss for the face
Contralateral pain and temp loss for the body
Ataxia due to lesion of inferior cerebellar peduncle and cerebellum
Vertigo
Ipsilateral Horners syndrome
Ipsilateral weakness of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx
40
Freidreich ataxia
autosomal recessive genetic disease due to GAA trinucleotide repeat in intron 1 of FRDA gene/ FNX gene (gain or function)
accumulation of iron it mitochondria kills long axons carrying proprioceptive information in the dorsal roots and columns
Causes spasticity (loss of corticospinal tract) loss of touch and vibration (dorsal root ganglion loss) stomping gate, ataxia (dorsal root ganglion and spinal cerebellar tract loss)
Sensory ataxia
41
Ataxia-telangiectasia
Autosomal recessive loss of function mutation in ATM gene
Purkinje cells in cerebellum degenerate and children have trouble walking
Problems with balance, hand coordination, eye movement, slurred speech
42
Spinal Cerebellar ataxias
Autosomal dominant mutation in SCA3 which leads to Machado-Joseph disease
repeats in the ATXN3 gene
Causes degeneration of pontine nuclei that project to cerebellum
Abnormal gait, limb incoordination, abnormal eye movements
43
Kallmann syndrome
caused by mutation in ANOS1
Olfactory nerves don’t enter brain so no olfactory bulbs are formed
Hypogonadal (LHRH neurons trapped outside brain)
44
Uncinate fits
Olfactory hallucinations due to irritation of olfactory cortex
Feelings of unreality (irritation of limb if system
45
Olfactory nerve transaction
Loss of smell
46
Age related loss of olfactory receptor neurons
Diminished smell
47
Anosmia is one of the first signs of
Parkinson’s
Alzheimer’s
Other forms of dime tax
48
SARS-CoV-2 infection
Infect sustentacular cells
Can damage other areas of brain
49
Unilateral deafness
Unilateral lesion in cochlear nuclei, CN VIII, or choclea
50
Ménière’s disease
Excessive endolymph in choclear duct
Low frequency ringing in ears
Low frequency hearing loss
Dizziness
Only one ear affected
51
Lesions of the accurate fasciculus
Conduction aphasia
52
Dyslexia
Neuronal migration disorder
53
Gerstmann syndrome
Lesion on angular gyrus of dominant hemisphere
Dysgraphia, dyscalcculia, finger agnosia, left right confusion
54
Hemineglect
Patient disregards one side (usually left side) after a lesion in the right parietal cerebral cortex
55
Prosopagnosia
Facial blindness
Damage to right fusiform gyrus
56
Alzheimer’s disease
Plaques and tangles lead to death of neurons in cerebral cortex causing anterograde and retrograde amnesia
Atrophy of entorhinal cortex in the parahippocampal gyrus causes anteriograde amnesia
As neurodegeneration progresses, patient’s exhibit retrograde amnesia
57
Vascular dementia
Interruption to cerebral cortex blood flow leads to decline in cognition
58
Frontotemporal dementia
Personality and behavior changes
Mutation of microtubule associated protein tau, granulin precursor
59
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease
Severe dementia that ends in death within a few months
Due to prions
60
Horners syndrome
Meiosis
Ptosis
Anhydrosis
Central- interruption of hypothalamospinal tract in CNS (lack of sweating on one side of body)
Preganglionic- damage to IML axons (lack of sweating on one side of face)
Postganglioic- damage to postganglioic axons (limited facial sweating)
61
Damage to prefrontal cortex causes
Reduced abilities to organize information and shift strategies in a changing environment
62
Ventromedial and orbitofrontal cortex damage causes
Inappropriate behavior, impulsiveness and disregard for others
63
Damage to the amygdala causes
Patients to not be able to discriminate fearful facial expressions from other emotional expressions
64
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
Extensive bilateral damage to anterior temporal lobe (especially amygdala and hippocampal formation)
Hyperorality, hyperphagia, hypermetamophosis visual agnostia
May be caused by herpes simplex encephalitis, brain surgery, trauma, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases
65
Uncinate fit
Lesion of amygdala (uncus)
Seizure in which patients have olfactory hallucination, chewing motions, and feeling of unreality
66
Wernicke-Korsakoff’s syndrome
Due to thiamine deficiency following chronic alcohol
Damages mammillary bodies
Impairs acquisition of new memories due to interruption Papez circuit
67
Alzheimer’s
Loss of neurons in hippocampal formation impairs learning of new information (anterograde amnesia)
Loss of neurons in neocortex (retrograde amnesia) causes a loss of long term memories
APOE4 mutation leads to high probability of disease
68
Damage to the supraopticohypophyseal pathway causes
Central (hypothalamic) diabetes insipidus
patients are very thirsy, drink lots of water, and produce large amounts of urine
69
Damage to the ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus
Obesity
70
Damage to the lateral hypothalamus causes
Anorexia
71
Failure of GnRH neurons to migrate into brain causes
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadal)
72
Damage to the prefrontal cortex causes
Socially inappropriate behavior
Abulia (also may result from disruption of dopaminergic input from the ventral regimental area)
73
Damage to the papez circuit causes
Anterograde amnesia
74
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Bilateral damage to anterior temporal lone
Hyperorality, hypersexuality, visual agnosia, memory impairement
Can be caused by herpes simplex encephalitis
75
Schizophrenia
Excess dopamine delivery to nucleus accumbens
76
Damage to the hypothalamospinal tract or prganglioc ANS neurons causes
Urinary, bowel, and sexual dysfunction if the lesion is bilateral
77
Unilateral hypothalamospinal tract lesions cause
Ipsilateral Horners syndrome
78
Anterior cord syndrome
Pain and temp loss bilaterally
Spastic paralysis below lesion and flaccid paralysis at level of lesion
Bowel and bladder function may be affected
Caused by anterior spinal artery infarct
79
Central cord syndrome
Bilateral loss of pain and temp at the level of the lesion
Caused by syringomyelia
80
Syphilis
Bacteria affects myelin surrounding proprioceptive neuronal axons in the dorsal columns causing sensory ataxia and a “tabetic gait”
81
Damage to the reticular formation in the medulla causes
Coma
82
Unilateral lesions of the medulla may affect which CN
CN IX-XII leading to Ipsilateral loss of function
83
Lesion of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus will cause
Death
84
Lesion of the nuclei or nerves of IX/X will cause
Ipsilateral problems with speaking, swallowing, breathing
85
Bilateral damage to the nucleus ambiguus can cause
Death due to suffocation
86
Lesion of the cochlear nerve/nucleus will cause
Ipsilateral deafness
87
Lesion of the inferior cerebellar peduncle will result in
ataxia on the Ipsilateral side
88
Locked in syndrome
Bilateral lesion of the pons (occurs after stoke affecting basilar artery)
Paralysis of the entire body and most of the face, only able to move eyes
89
Unilateral lesion of CN VII nucleus/nerve
Weakness of upper and lower Ipsilateral face impaired taste and lacrimation
90
Unilateral lesion of CN VI nerve/nucleus
Difficulty abducting Ipsilateral eye
Diplopia
91
Unilateral lesion of the corticobulbar tract will cause
Weakness in the lower contralateral face
92
Unilateral lesion of the ICP
Ipsilateral ataxia
93
Unilateral lesion of the MLF
Intranuclear ophthalmoplegia
94
Damage to the vermis
Truncal ataxia
95
Unilateral damage to cerebellar hemisphere
Ipsilateral limb ataxia
Intention tremor
96
_ results from lesions of the tracts conveying proprioceptive information to the cerebellum
Sensory ataxia
97
Lesions of the cerebellum may affect the _ causing nystagmus and imbalance
Vestibular system
98
Acoustic neuroma
Tumor of CN VIII
May also affect CN VII, CN V, and the cerebellum
Causes cranial nerve signs and ataxia
99
Intention termor can indicate
MS attacking the white matter of the cerebellum
100
Chiari malformation
Mutations in chromodromain genes
Herniation of the cerebellum though foramen magnum
Causes imbalance, headaches, other neurological symptoms to occur
101
Lesions of the cerebrocerebellum causes
Unilateral dysmetria, intention tremor
102
Unilateral lesion of CN III
Mydriasis
Ipsilateral eye down and out
103
Unilateral lesion of the cerebral peduncles
Contralateral weakness of the lower face and body
104
Damage to the midbrain dorsal lateral to the red nucleus
Loss of somatosensation on contralateral side of face and body
Due to damage of the trigeminal lemniscus, spinothalamic tract, trigeminothalamic tract
105
Unilateral damage to the superior cerebellar peduncle in the caudal midbrain causes
Ipsilateral limb ataxia
106
Unilateral damage to the cerebral peduncle in the rostral midbrain causes
Contralateral limb ataxia
107
Lesions inferior to the superior colliculi cause
Complex eye movement disorders
108
Damage to the red nucleus causes
Tremor, ataxia, choreiform movements
109
Unilateral lesion of the trochlear nucleus causes
Contralateral vertical diplopia
110
Unilateral lesion of CN IV causes
Ipsilateral vertical diploplia
111
Unilateral lesion of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus will cause
Failure of the pupil to construct in response to light
112
Lesion of the crus cerebri will cause
Weakness on the contralateral side of the face and body
113
Lesion of the optic nerve
Monocular blindness
114
Lesion of the optic chasm
Bitemporal heteroanopsia
115
Lesion of the optic tract or LGN
Homonymous hemianopsia
116
Thalamic pain (Dejerine Roussy) Syndrome
Strokes involving the thalamus can result in a form of central pain
Thought to involve re-organization of regions of the thalamus related to pain perception
117
Tumors of the optic chiasm, and the ventromedial hypothalamus
Bitemporal heteroanopsia and obesity
118
Lesions involving supraopticohypophyseal tract or the posterior pituitary
Polyuria and polydipsia
Diabetes insipidus
119
Korsakoff syndrome
People with alcohol use disorder may develop
Vitamin B1 deficiency resulting in damage to the mammillary bodies, and or the anterior nucleus of the thalamus leading to anterior grade amnesia due to disruption of the Papez circuit
120
Damaged the hypothalamus can cause
Obesity or anorexia
121
Region of the precentral gyrus can result in
Weakness on the contralateral side of the body
122
Lesion of the dominant (usually left) inferior frontal gyrus can cause
Expressive (Broca’s) aphasia
123
Lesions of the anterior inferior regions of the frontal lobes can cause
Executive dysfunction- poor planning, and impaired impulse control
124
Lesions of the angular gyrus, and the dominant hemisphere result in
Gerstmann syndrome
125
Gerstmann syndrome
A a;cilia, a graphic, finger agnosia, left-right confusion
126
Lesions of the right parietal lobe may cause
Hemineglect
127
Lesions of the optic radiations that travel close to the parietal lobe may cause
Inferior homonymous quadrantanopsia
128
Unilateral damage of the primary visual cortex causes
homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing
129
Bilateral damage to the occipital lobe may cause
Cortical blindness
130
Charles Bonet syndrome
Visual hallucinations due to deteriorating vision in older people
131
Damage to the occipital temporal Jairus on the interior surface of the temporal lobe causes
Prosopagnosia
132
Bilateral damage to the parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampal formation causes
Severe anteriograde amnesia
133
Region of the posterior portion of the superior temporal Jairus on the dominant side results in
Receptive (Wernicke’s) aphasia
Also known as fluent aphasia
134
Intellectual disability involves which portion of the brain
Cerebral cortex
135
Damage to the arcuate fasciculus
Conduction aphasia (can understand speech, and can say something they think to say, but cannot repeat something they hear)
136
Irritable lesions of the olfactory cortex result in
Olfactory hallucinations
137
Addictive drugs act on the neurons of
Nucleus accumbens
138
Why degeneration of the cerebral cortex results in?
Retrograde amnesia
139
Degeneration of the caudate Nucleus can cause
Huntington syndrome
140
Damage to the frontal lobe can cause
Disruption of executive functioning
141
Bilateral damage to the amygdala can cause
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
142
Bilateral damage to the hippocampal formation can cause
Anterograde amnesia
143
Regions of the right, parietal lobe result in
Neglect of the left side of the body and visual space
144
Damage to the parietal lobe may also cause
Ideomotor apraxia- inability to show use of common objects
145
A lesion of Broca’s area will result in
Expressive aphasia
146
Lesion of Wernicke’s area will result in
Receptive aphasia
147
Damage to these areas will cause
Orange- impaired impulse control
Green- impaired facial recognition
148
Name the structures from top to bottom
grascile fasciculus
cuneate fasciculus
dorsal horn
anterior commissure
anterolateral system
149
Name the structures from top to bottom
grascile nucleus
cuneate fasciculus
spinal trigeminal tract
spinal trigeminal nucleus
medial lemniscus
150
VZV
infection of dorsal root and or trigeminal ganglia, resulting in retrograde axonal transport from the skin
Reactivation of the virus causes anterograde transportation to the skin, where it causes lesions in a dermatomal pattern, known as shingles
After shingles patients, may experience post herpetic neuralgia, which is a type of neuropathic pain
151
Diabetic neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy beginning at the feet
Pain perceived as burning
Neuropathic pain due to damage of peripheral nerves
Pain is worse at night
152
Tabes dorsalis
Treponema pallidum infection attacks proprioceptive neurons of dorsal root ganglion, leading to degeneration of dorsal roots and columns
Leads to stomping due to lack of proprioceptive feedback
Neuropathic pain may occur
153
Lesions at the level of the pons, midbrain, or thalmus may cause
Damage to also Madison station for both the body in the face
154
Phantom limb pain
Due to re-organization of somatosensory pathway activation, after the loss of a limb
155
Infarct of the middle cerebral artery will cause
Weakness in the face and arms contralateral to the lesion
Legs are spared (medial portion of the precentral gyrus is supplied by anterior cerebral artery)
156
Patients with unilateral lesions of the cortical Boulevard track exhibit
Drooping lower face on contralateral side
157
Damage to the vertical gaze center causes
Upward gaze deficits
158
Identify the structures
MLF
abducens nucleus
PPRF
159
Third nerve palsy
diplopia
ptosis
mydriasis
enlarged pupil that does not react to light
160
Difficulty chewing can be caused by a lesion involving
CN V
161
Lesion of CN VII will cause
Bell's Palsy
Drooping of the lower face and inability to winkle the forehead
Taste, lacrimation, and salvation may also be impaired
162
lesion of CN XI
weakness of SCM and trap
163
Lesion of CN XII
weakness of ipsilateral tongue
tongue extends toward side of the lesion
164
Idenify the structures
Left side from top to bottom
Ant. Comm
hypothalamus
CN III
cerebral peduncle
CN V
RIgt side from top to bottom
nucleus accumbans
CN II
amygdala
hippocampus
pons. Med. Sulc.
corticospinal tract
pyramids
pyramidal decussation
165
Transection of the spinal cord at cervical levels results in
quadraplegia
166
Transaction of the spinal cord at a thoracic level may result in
Paraplegia
167
168
Spinal shock
Occurs after a traumatic lesion to the spinal cord
Presents as flaccid paralysis initially, and later transitions to spastic paralysis
169
Effect of a unilateral medullary lesion of the motor neurons
Weakness of body on contralateral side (pyramids)
ipsilateral weakness of muscles innervated by hypoglossal, accessory and ambiguus nuclei
170
Effect of a unilateral lesion of the pons on the motor neurons
contralateral weakness of body
ipsilateral weakness of muscles innervated by facial, abducens, and trigeminal nuclei
171
Effective midbrain lesions on motor neurons
Contralateral weakness of lower face and body (crus cerebri)
Ipsilateral weakness of facial muscles innervated by CN III
contralateral weakness of muscles if trochlear nucleus is damaged
172
internal capsule, posterior limb
red nucleus
interpeduncular fossa
cerebral peduncle
pons
173
left side top to bottom:
CN III
CN IV
CN IX and X
CN XI
right side top to bottom:
cerebral peduncle
CN V
CN VI
pyramids
CN VII
ventral horn of spinal cord
174
hypoglossal nucleus
pyramid
175
176
Left:
caudate nucleus
putamen
nucleus accumbens
right:
anterior limb of internal capsule
177
right:
caudate nucleus
putamen
nucleus accumbens
left:
anterior limb of internal capsule
178
179
Left:
Extreme capsule
External capsule
internal capsule, anterior limb
genu of interior capsule
posterior limb of internal capsule
right:
caudate nucleus
insula
claustrum
putamen
globus pallidus
thalmus
180
left:
anterior limb of internal capsule
genu of internal capsule
posterior limb of internal capsule
right:
cuadate
putamen
globus pallidus
181
damage to the vestibular system causes
Dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, and nystagmus
182
183
184
pons
middle cerebellar peduncle
fourth ventricle
dentate nucleus
vermis
cerebellar hemisphere
185
pons
middle cerebellar peduncle
fourth ventricle
dentate nucleus
vermis
cerebellar hemisphere
186
identify the histological layers of the cerebellar cortex
187
damage to the spinocerebellar pathways causes
sensory ataxia
may cause a stomping gate
188
Clarke's nucleus
189
damage to the pathway from the dentate nucleus to the VL of the thalamus can cause
intention tremor
190
decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle
191
Machado-Joseph disease
Gain of function mutations in the ATXN3 gene cause ataxia and other symptoms
192
Reemergence of the Babinski reflex indicates
damage to UMN
193
How does damaged cranial nerve seven affect taste?
Loss of taste in anterior 2/3
194
How does damage to cranial nerve nine affect taste?
Loss of taste in posterior third
195
How do drugs affect taste?
cause metallic taste
196
SARS-CoV-2
anosmia due to sustentacular cell damage
may enter the brain through olfactory system
197
Top to bottom:
Olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
uncus (landmark for piriform cortex)
anterior parahippocampal gyrus (landmark for the entorhinal cortex)
198
Damage or interference with the transmission of sound information through the cochlea is termed
Conduction deafness
199
Deafness that occurs from lesions to the cochlea, CN VIII, or the brain is referred to as
sensorineural deafness
200
GJB2 mutation
most commonly mutation in deaf individuals
mutation disrupts hair cell function
201
Unilateral deafness is usually a sign of damage to
CN VIII or chochlea
202
Acoustic neuroma symptoms
tinnitus
loss of hearing
dizziness
203
medial geniculate nucleus
brachium of inferior colliculus
inferior colliculus
203
medial geniculate nucleus
brachium of inferior colliculus
inferior colliculus
204
IMLCC
205
Damage to the RAS can cause
coma
206
locus coeruleus (releases noradrenaline)
207
the degeneration of the cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert contributes to
Alzheimers disease
208
neocortex layers
209
The brain equivalent to Broca's and Wernicke's areas in the right hemisphere are responsible for
prosody (understanding emotional content/inflection)
210
Damage to the occipito-temporal gyrus causes
prosopagnosia or face blindness
211
Damage to the right parietal lobe causes
hemineglect
212
Frontotemporal dementia
personality and behavior changes
213
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
severe dementia caused by prions
214
seasonal affective disorder
insufficient light exposure
215
lesions of hypothalmus cause
disruptions of the endocrine system
216
217
218
Damage to the Papez circuit causes
anterograde amnesia
219
cingulate gyrus
cingulum
body of fornix
anterior nucleus of the thalmus
mamillary bodies
bottom left:
lateral ventricle, inferior horn
hippocampal formation
bottom right:
amygdala
220
amygdala
hippocampal formation
221
222
223
224
Lesion of anterior spinal artery causing medial medullary syndrome
225
Lateral medullary syndrome “wallenburg’s)
Due to lesion of vertebral artery
226
ALS
227
Hemiballismus
228
Huntington
229
230
Friedreich ataxia
231
Ataxia telangiectasia
232
Damage
Prosopagnosia
233
Lateral pontine syndrome
also called marie-Foix syndrome
caused by strokes of anterior inferior cerebellar artery
spinothalamic tract (contralateral loss of pain and temperature for the body); spinotrigeminal tract (ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature for the face); facial nucleus and/or nerve (ipsilateral weakness of upper and lower face); middle cerebellar peduncle (ipsilateral ataxia); and vestibular nucleus (nystagmus, vertigo)
