Leisure, Sport, and Tourism Case Studies Flashcards
Changes in Participation
Growth of Festival Participation in the UK
- Attendances at UK gigs and festivals reached 30.9 million in 2016. There was also a 12% increase in live music audience figures.
- More than 1K festival events took place across Britain, a figure that has doubled over the past decade.
- Some festivals have closed down due to a shift in the festival ecosystem, with a marked rise in the number of city-based and one-day events and a decline in traditional camping weekends.
- The growth of the festival ecosystem contributed £4 billion to the country’s economy.
- Brings in tourist money.
- Negative environmental impacts: 500 UK festivals produce 84,000 tonnes of CO2 a year, coming from generators producing electricity and trucks bringing water, scaffolding and toilets to and from the festival site. Fireworks and waste.
Changing Leisure Time due to Interconnectedness
Bhutan
- Borders on China and India and until recent years has been off limits to outsiders and out of touch with the rest of the world.
- Lower middle income country.
- Maintains strong economic and strategic relations with India, particularly as it’s major trading partner.
- Due to rising incomes and economic development, Bhutan has become more interconnected, particularly since it has been able to invest more in technology.
- Television has brought 46 channels which expose people to advertising and programmed from all over the world.
- People are encouraged to participate more in leisure and invest in consumerism.
Changing Leisure Time Due to Economic Growth
- Between 1995 and 2015, the average income in China rose drastically and with it people were having more leisure time.
- In 1995, the two day weekend was introduced, and in 1999, the government introduced a policy of giving workers three weeks off per year at set times. The policy was updated in 2008 to give two full week holidays and five three day holidays per year.
- Cinema industry has experienced growth, with growth for cinema tickets being 40% from 2015 to 2016.
- Growth in people participating in sport. Visits to ski regions grew from 5.5 million to 15.1 million between 2009 and 2026.
- Government policy on fitness - announced a National Fitness Plan on 2016.
Sports League
National Basketball League in North America
- Formed in late 1940s and has 30 teams, playing in two conferences. Has a global reach with TV rights sold in over 200 territories.
- Teams are found typically in places with high populations. High attendance at games and large stadia (e.g. Chicago Bulls’ stadium holds over 20,000 people).
- There is a north-east concentration of teams as it was first created by joining local leagues in the north east.
- At an international level, basketball has a greater sphere of influence. Although supporters are still concentrated in the US, there is a far greater presence in Europe, Australia, and some parts of Africa.
- The average NBA team is worth around US$1.3 billion, whilst the average international team can have a salary ranging from US$100,000 per month to $2-4 million per year.
- Interest in NBA basketball is high, and supporters are generally found near to the location of teams. This is explained by the ability to attend fictures, although the maximum attendance per game is usually under 20,000.
- Distribution of supporters is influenced by local pride and news coverage of local teams, and the direct impact of the sponsorship links advertising and teams in the local area.
Costs and Benefits of Large Scale Events
Glastonbury Festival
- South-Western UK
- A form of cultural tourism, also serving as a temporary site of leisure. Many tourist attractions have developed around it due to its popularity.
- It occupies an open space and can accommodate up to 250,000 people.
Costs
- 780,000 pounds to lean up after the festival. The tot cost is 22 million for housing, however the average revenue of 82 million outweighs the cost.
- Payments to security personnel and performers.
Economic Impacts
- Employment to rural population.
- Money contributes to charities such as water aid and Oxfam.
- Revenue may fund local projects such as the provision of schooling and sporting facilities.
Social Impacts
- Huge numbers of tourists.
- Drug and substance abuse.
- In 2015, a blood donation exercise was held.
- Wider sphere of influence on tourists.
- Reports from journalists.
Environmental Impact
- Noise pollution
- Air pollution
- High energy consumption.
- Large amounts of waste produced.
Carrying Capacity
Venice
- Located in Northern Italy. Consists of a series of Islands on the Adriatic sea.
- Transportation by boats and canals.
- Main tourist resources are: S Mark’s Square, Doge’s Palace, Grand Canal, Teatro la fernice, Rialto market and bridge.
Social problems
- Loss of culture due to tourists.
- Large cruise ships block the city’s natural beauty.
- Congestion and overcrowding.
- Tourists disrespect historical and heritage sites.
- Tourist pigeon culture
Economic problems
- Inflation
- Overpriced local services because local providers have to budget for ever increasing price of rent in the city.
- Pressure on electricity and water supplies.
Environmental problems
- Littering and pollurion
Management strategies
- Proposed ban on day trippers.
- Cruise ship limits
- Stiff fines on revelers who ignore the rules.
- Banned vendors who sold grain to tourists wanting to feed the pigeons.
- The compulsory need for tourists to have a Venetian hotel reservation. This will generate more revenue per person and reduce congestion.
- Steward patrols on St Mark’s Square.
- Drinking fountains
Sustainable Tourism
Morocco’s 2020 strategy
- Aims to be recognizable as a benchmark destination for sustainable tourism. Aims to develop natural resources whilst preserving them, and to ensure that the socio-cultural authenticity of the hosting communities is respected by offering them socio-economic benefits.
- New high end tourism structures in 8 territories. Eco stations, eco resorts, green stations, desert resorts and luxury bivouac.
- Housing structures of small stature such as lodges and eco-lodges will be developed for tourists looking for a change of scenery and alternative lifestyles.
- First “neutral carbon” African destination at the Ouarzazate site based on production platform for energy to compensate for CO2 emissions.
- Added value to the natural and rural resources whilst preserving them.
Medical Tourism
Tunisia
- As of 2000, there were about 197,400 hotel beds in 95,900 rooms with an occupancy rate of 56%. Tunisia decided to focus on health tourism because the country slumped into the stagnation stage.
Strategies employed
- The Tunisian government capitalized on their natural resources by providing therapy services in spas.
- More secondary tourist resources built for medical health care by opening many more public hospitals and clinics.
- The government strengthened the country’s currency through foreign exchange obtained from the tourism sector.
- Ministry of Tourism promoted tourism by taking care of costs of tourists, like accommodation in 5 star hotels and plane tickets.
Costs and Benefits of Hosting an International Sporting Event
Beijing Olympics
- Raised profile of Chiba
- Enthusiasm for sports
- Skills development
- Expensive
- Traffic congestion
