Leishmaniasis

Question 1

hemoparasites?

Answer 1

parasites that inhabit the blood of vertebrates

Question 2

hemoparasites classification

Answer 2

Plasmodium spp. (Malarial parasites)
Schistosoma spp. (Blood flukes)
Leishmania spp. (Hemoflagellates)
Trypanosoma spp. (Hemoflagellates)
Taxoplasma gondii (Blood & tissue parasite)

Question 3

Trypansoma causes

Answer 3

sleeping sickness
Chaga’s disease

Question 4

vector for leishmaniasis

Answer 4

sandfly bite

Question 5

species that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis

Answer 5

L.tropica (old world)
L.major
L.aethiopica
L.mexicana (new world)

Question 6

species that cause mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

Answer 6

L.braziliensis (new world)

Question 7

species that cause visceral leishmaniasis

Answer 7

L.donovani (adults)
L.infantum (children)
L.chagasi

Question 8

morphological forms of leishmania

Answer 8

Promastigote (infective stage)
-insect
-motile
-midgut
Amastigote (pathogenic stage)
-mammalian stage
-non-motile
-intracellular

Question 9

in cutaneous leishmaniasis

Answer 9

amastigotes remain in the superficial tissues skin

Question 10

in mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

Answer 10

amastigotes remain localized to skin plus spread to mucosae of mouth, nose, larynx, pharynx & ear

Question 11

in visceral leishmaniasis

Answer 11

macrophages infected by amastigotes spread from primary skin lesions via blood and multiply in the macrophages of spleen, liver, lymph nodes and bone marrow.

Question 12

life cycle of leishmaniasis

Answer 12

promastigote introduced to the skin through a sandfly bite
engulfed by the local macrophages where they’re transformed into amastigotes
amastigotes multiply by asexual binary fission
amastigotes are released from the ruptured macrophages
replicate in new macrophages
amastigotes are taken up by another sandfly bite
converts to promastigotes and cycle continues .

Question 13

cutaneous leishmaniasis clinical picture

Answer 13

red papule at the bitten site which enlarges to form multiple satellite nodules that ulcerate
occur in exposed body parts
single, dry and non-exudative
painless ulcers

Question 14

mucocutaneous leishmaniasis clinical picture

Answer 14

begins with a papule at the bitten site which forms a metastatic lesion usually at the junction of the nose and mouth
disfiguring, granulomatous, ulcerating lesions which destroys the nasal cartilage

Question 15

diagnostic smear and culture

Answer 15

Giemsa stain- microscopy for amastigotes (LD bodies-Leishman Donovan bodies)
culture in NNN (Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle) for promastigotes

Question 16

visceral leishmaniasis clinical picture

Answer 16

Fever
Hepatosplenomegaly
weight loss
pancytopenia
epistaxis
diarrhoea

Question 17

visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis

Answer 17

1) bone marrow or splenic aspirate- microscopy or culture in NNN medium
2) serological tests (DAT, Elisa)

Question 18

Montenegro skin test?

Answer 18

The leishmanin skin test (Montenegro Test) is performed via intradermal injection of Leishmania antigens (leishmanin) to induce and visualize the adaptive immune response in individuals who have been previously infected with Leishmania