Legislative Power Flashcards
Under the commerce clause, what are the three categories of commerce?
CIA:
1) Channels of interstate commerce
2) Instrumentalities of interstate commerce
3) Activities affecting interstate commerce
+ The current mode is Substantial Effect BUT Court still allows for aggregation
+ Anything that crosses state lines [channels of interstate travel]; activities affecting state commerce
True or false: Tax and Spending is enumerated in the Articles of Confederation
False. Articles of Confederation: No taxing and spending powers included
Article I, §8: Taxing & Spending Power. Didn’t get much action until the 1930s within context of the Great Depression. A very broad and capacious power to Congress
What is the difference in Congress’ taxing/spending power between direct and indirect taxes?
Direct Taxes: Must be apportioned to the states
Indirect Taxes: For general welfare and uniform throughout the country
True or false: The Constitution separates declaration of war powers between the judiciary and Congress
1/2 true, 1/2 false
Congress and the President share war powers
+ Seems that the drafters intended for a struggle of power over the war powers to exist between the Executive and Legislative Branches of government
+ Requiring legislative deliberation to clog war and prevent us from hurrying into war
What are the post-Civil War Constitutional amendments and what do they say?
13th Amendment: no slavery §2 power for Congress to enforce through legislation
14th Amendment: Citizenship, no abridgment by States of citizens’ rights & immunities. Due process and equal protection of law; §5 power for Congress to enforce through legislation.
15th Amendment: No voter discrimination based on race/color/past enslavement and Congressional power to enforce through legislation
Can the 14th Amendment regulate private conduct?
NO.
Morrison: Private party conduct is not within the province of 14th amendment
Where do Congressional limits on state power derive from?
Limits on state power derive from the Supremacy Clause
Two ways to invalidate state law: Congress has the power
1) Congress has acted and preempts (Supreme Law of the Land)
+ Trigger: Is there a federal law on point and a conflicting state law
+ Question: What is the state law or regulation doing?
2) Congress has not acted but law can be challenged by invoking
+ Dormant Commerce Clause OR
+ Privileges and Immunities Clause
What are the differences between implied and express preemption?
Express v. Implied Preemption
+ For both, congressional intent is key
+ Ask: Did Congress intend to preempt state law?
What are the three categories of implied preemption
1) Field preemption: Does Congress’ regulatory scheme manifest an intent to be providing the entire array of laws within a particular field?
2) Actual Conflict Preemption: federal and state laws are mutually exclusive such that it would be physically impossible to comply with both
3) Obstacle/Federal Objective preemption is a purpose to displace even more fed laws?
Generally, does the Court rely on the broad or narrow view of preemption?
Court has taken the broad view: a whole bunch of areas exist where Congress has successfully pre-empted state law
Broad: states shafted
Narrow: feds shafted
What is the primary difference between the Commerce Clause and Dormant Commerce Clause?
Commerce Clause (Fed against States) Dormant Commerce Clause (States against States)
Since we have both pre-emption + Supremacy Clause plus Congress’ Commerce Clause power, why do we need the Dormant Commerce Clause at all?
DCC operates when Congress has not acted
Where in the Constitution is the Dormant Commerce Clause mentioned?
No actual clause in the Constitution that says this
The Dormant Commerce Clause has been inferred by the Court from Art. I §8: “That the commerce clause, by its own force and without national legislation, puts it into the power of the Court to place limits on state authority”
What does the Privileges and Immunities clause say?
Privileges and Immunities Clause: Unifying States into a National Entity
Art. IV §2: “The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of Citizens in the several states”
+ Court interprets as a limit on States’ power to discriminate against out-of-staters regarding constitutional rights and important economic activities especially the ability to earn a living
+ Requires discrimination against citizens of other states
+ Limited to individuals, not corporations
+ Limited to US Citizens
What are the differences between DCC and P&I?
DCC
+ Corporations and Individuals and aliens
+ Challenge state and local law, regardless if they discriminate against out of staters
+ MUST have commercial activity
+ Commerce is the priority
+ Maine v. Taylor survives strict analysis for DCC laws
+ Congressional and Market Participants
P&I
+ Individuals only
+ Challenge discrimination against out of staters only
+ Must be facially discriminatory (cannot rely on discriminatory effects
+ Unifying the several states, subset of rights and benefits
+ No cases prevailed
+ No exceptions