Leftover questions I found reading Raidins Essay

Question 1

what does it mean that receptors have a dynamic nature?

Answer 1

their concentrations in a cell can change to maintain homeostasis

Question 2

what is the key to preventing oxidative stress?

Answer 2

maintaining a balance between prooxidants (oxidized states) and antioxidants (reduced states) is key to preventing oxidative stress.

Question 3

Toxicokinetics:

Answer 3

is the description of both what rate a chemical will enter the body and what occurs to excrete and metabolize the compound once it is in the body.

Question 4

There are two toxic mechanisms that can occur:

Answer 4

1. production of ROS to produce oxidative stress 2. bioactivation of a xenobitoic to a reactive electrophile

Question 5

when steady state is graphed the fluctuations (range of each crest) are proportional to what?

Answer 5

to dosage intervals/ half lives

Question 6

Once initiated caspases then what happens?

Answer 6

leading to effector caspases, then hydrolysis pf specific cellular proteins and then apoptosis

Question 7

Describe the paraquat cycle:

Answer 7

PQ2+ goes through a cycle where it readily accepts an electron to become PQ+ radical. This radical quickly reverts back to PQ2+ but also redues O2 to the superoxide anion radical.

Question 8

The affinity of a xenobiotic for a receptor depends on its chemical structure, what is this called?

Answer 8

Structure-activity relationship (SAR)

Question 9

what three things can lead down pathways activating initiator caspases?

Answer 9

1. death receptor stimulation 2. Mitochondrial insult 3. DNA damage

Question 10

what is the difference between a-1-adrenergic receptors and B-2-adrenergic receptors?

Answer 10

a-1 are located on arterioles: norepinephrine is the endogenous ligand that binds to it, and causes vasoconstriction which means a decreased blood flow but increased blood pressure. B-2 are located on bronchioles: norepinephrine causes vasodilation-decreased blood flow, decreased oxygen, asthma