Left and right brain Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of facial expressions? And which pathways do these include?

A

•spontaneous expressions
- issued by the basal ganglia nuclei
•voluntary smiles
-initiated in the motor cortex, most likely in the left hemisphere

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2
Q

Explain the dissociation in expression production shown for right hemisphere damage

A
  • effects motor areas involved in generating voluntary expressions
  • when smiles spontaneously: action is natural and symmetrical so basal ganglia in intact
  • when asked to produce a smile his LH can command the right side of his face but the RH can’t pass this command on so only the right side smiles
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3
Q

Explain the dissociation in expression production shown for Parkinson’s disease.

A
  • involves loss of dopamine producing cells in the substantia nigra (part of basal ganglia)
  • basal ganglia is damaged so can’t spontaneous smile
  • they can still smile voluntarily
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4
Q

Local vs global:

Explain the lateralisation effects observed in the Navon paradigm for split brain and unilateral brain damage patients.

A
  • LH more efficient at identifying local targets

- RH more efficient at identifying global targets

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5
Q

Categorical vs coordinate information:

Understand kosslyn’s paradigm

A
  • left hemisphere is more efficient at the categorical information task
  • right hemisphere is more efficient at the coordinate information task
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6
Q

Causal reasoning:

Explain the matching and maximising strategies and evaluate their potential for error

A
  • matching: participants try to work out how often they get each shape and guess that shape just that often- high error rates
  • maximising: working out that circles occur more than diamond and just guessing circles all the time- 80% hit rate
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7
Q

What is the difference in Sylvian fissure?

A
  • in the right hemisphere the sylvian fissure is steeper than in the left hemisphere
  • LH is longer than RH
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8
Q

What is the difference in planum temporal and why is it thought to precede language use?

A
  • located in the superior temporal lobe
  • larger in the LH than in RH
  • this size difference is found in pre-linguistic human infant as well as apes- so it’s size is not a consequence of language use
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9
Q

What is the Wernicke-Geschwind model of repeating spoken language?

A
  • the auditory cortex professes the sound structure and wernicke’s area is involved in accessing meaning
  • activation then travels to Broca’s area through a bundle of axons called the actuate fasciculus
  • Broca’s area accesses the speech representation of the word and instructs the motor cortex to execute action
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10
Q

What is the Wernicke-Geschwind model of repeating written language?

A
  • the visual code of the written word is converted into a phonological code
  • this phonological representation is interpreted in the wernickes area and then the rest of the pathway is the same
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11
Q

What are the symptoms for brocas’s aphasia?

A

Slow speech output, difficulty finding words, paraphasic errors, telegraphic speech, difficulty mainly with productions rather than comprehension, agrammatism (sentence structure- the leopard was killed by the lion)

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12
Q

How did Penfield use electrical stimulation of the brain?

A
  • the patient is bought out of anaesthesia once the skull has been opened
  • brain tissue is electrically stimulates the patient can report the corresponding experience
  • there are no pain receptors in the CNS so these shocks can’t be felt
  • this allows a functional map to be created and relates to what was known from brain damage data
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13
Q

How does semantic priming work?

A

Refer to folder

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14
Q

What are the symptoms for Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

Problems understanding spoken or written language, communication cut off, phonemic paraphasia (wrong speech sound), semantic paraphasia (substituting words related in meaning happens in deep dyslexia), difficulty connecting to meaning

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15
Q

What are the symptoms for conduction aphasia?

A

Problems with repeating heard words, comprehension (Wernickes area) and speech production (Broca’s area) is okay

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16
Q

Understand phonemic vs semantic paraphasia

A

Phonemic refers to wrong speech sounds, semantic is substituting words related in meaning

17
Q

Understand telegraphic speech and agrammatism

A

Telegraphic speech- 2 word sentences
Agrammatism- problem with sentence structure and using grammar, indicates by absence of function words in telegraphic speech

18
Q

What are the problems with wernicke-geschwing model?

A
  • always get a mixture of production and comprehension problems
  • function recovery after stroke (other cortical areas can functionally substitute)
  • broca’s area damage is often accompanied by insula damage