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PSIO 202 1 The Heart > Lectures 8, 9, 10 and 11: Blood > Flashcards

Lectures 8, 9, 10 and 11: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Body Fluids

A

blood and ISF (60% of body)
1/3 of that is ECF
80% Interstital fluid and 20% plasma

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2
Q

Hematology

A

study of blood and blood disorderw

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3
Q

blood composition

A

plasma (yellowish, 91.5% water, 8.5% solutes)

fromed elements

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4
Q

Blood Plasma

A

more than 90% water
makes up 55% of blood
about 7% plasma proteins (made in liver)

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5
Q

Albumins

A

maintain osmotic pressuer
if dec, conce change, dec ability to get water tto end of caps
can be taken from blood for energy in starvation

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6
Q

Blood Doping

A 
injecting previously stored RBCs to self before atheletic event (most of plama removed first)
so you can get more O2
Dnagerous
*inc blood viscosity
*forces heart to work harder
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7
Q

Globulins

A

antibodies that bind to forgieners (antigens)

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8
Q

Blood Serum

A

plasma w/o fibringin and other clotting factors

give this to people so we dont worry about causing clots

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9
Q

Hematocrit Ranges

A

38-46% W

40-50% Male

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10
Q

Polycythemia

A

too many RBCs

dehydration, tissue hypoxia, blood doping

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11
Q

Platelets

A 
Thrombocytes
clotting
irregular shape
can send stickiness messages
150,000 to 400,000 platelets per microL blood
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12
Q

Lymphocyte Types

A

T cells (come from Thymus) and B Cells

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13
Q

Formed Elements

A

RBCs
Luekocytes
Platelets

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14
Q

RBC shape

A 
biconcave
8 um wide, 2 thick
inc SA for O2 binding
easily deformed
filled with hemoglobin (over 90% of protein in them)
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15
Q

Reoleaux

A

stacked
larger BVs
RBCs

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16
Q

Parachutter

A

small arterioles and venules

RBCs

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17
Q

Bullet

A

in caps

RBCs

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18
Q

Hemoglobin

A 
protein
4 large prteon chains (2 alpha 2 beta)
heme group
*porphyrin Ring
each iron in heme can bind to one O2 molec
(total of 4)
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19
Q

porphyrin Ring

A

surrounds 1 iron molec

complicated structure

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20
Q

Hemoglobin Functions

A

carry 4 O2 molecs
O2 bound in caps of lungs, transported to cells
Transports 23% of CO2 produced in CELLS
*** DOES NOT BIND WITH HEME (where O2 binds)

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21
Q

Blood concs of hemoglobin in health vs. anemic

A

16g/dL (g/100mL) in men
14 g/dL in women
diff probably due to body size
hematocrit AND hemoglobin level diagnositc for anemia

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22
Q

Erythropoiesis

A 
RBC formation
in Red Bone Marrow
after birth, formed by stem cells
* which diff into proerythroblasts
**Then become erythroblast, then reticulocyte
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23
Q

Erhtydrocyte

A

when fully mature

no more nucleus!

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24
Q

if anculear pereythrocyte

A

BAD

means theres a crazy high need for RBCs for infections

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25
Q

Mature reticulocyte

A

hemoglobin produced, nucleus ejected

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26
Q

RBC formation steps

A 
Hematopoietic stem cell
myeloid stem cell
proerythroblast
erythroblast
*** 3 stages
Reticulocute (lose nuclus)
Erhtyrocyte!
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27
Q

Hemopoetic growth factors

A

regulate differentiation of proliferation of blood cells
EPO
TPO
Cytokines

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28
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

RBCs
produced by kidneys
incs RBC precursors

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29
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

hormone from liver

stim. platelet formation
* Megakaryocyte created (can create thousnds of platelets)
* sheds parts (platelets form)

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30
Q

Cytokines

A

local hormones of bone marrow
stim proliferation in other marrow cells
colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins
stim WBC production

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31
Q

RBC Lifecycle

A

live 120 days
no repair possible (no culeus!)
breakdown and recycle
removed by macrophages in spleen and liver

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32
Q

Recycling RBCs

A

globin broken down, recycle amino acids
heme split into iron and biliverdin (green pigment)
* iron to make more hemoglobin
*ring to make bile

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33
Q

Recycled Iron

A

stored in liver, muscle or spleen
attaches to protein (ferritin or hemosiderin) there
transported to bone marrow to use in hemoglobin synth

34
Q

Biliberdin

A 
made to bilirubin (green to yellow)
from porforin ring
excreted by kidneys and intestines
*bilirubin-->urobilinogen
**some reabsoprbed, becomes urobilin, expredted by KIDNEYS
35
Q

Medical Use of Growth Factors

A

recomb EPO effective in treated dec BC production due to kidney disease or cancer
gives O2 carrying capacity lost
stim WBC formation in cancer patients getting chemo, which kills marrow and stem cells
TPO given to prevent platelet depletion during chemo or pregnancy

36
Q

cells from myeloid stem cells

A 
RBC
megakaryocyte
eosinophin
basophil
neutrofil
monocyte
37
Q

Lymphoid stem cells

A

lymphocyte
T and B cells
very specific in what they attack

38
Q

Colony Forming Unit E

A

erythrocyte

39
Q

CFU Meg

A

megakaryocyte

40
Q

CFU GM

A

nuetrophil

monocyte

41
Q

number of WBCs

A

way less
1 for every 700 RBC
if loss of blood, loss of WBCs first (thats their job)
only 2% circling in blood
* rest in lymph fluid, skin, lungs, nodes, and spleen

42
Q

Leukopenia

A

low WBC count

radiation, shock, chemo

43
Q

WBC movement

A

roll on endothel, stick to it (to see if damage

44
Q

Selectins

A

WBC adhesion molecs

placed near injury sites

45
Q

Integrins

A

on neutrophils

movement through wall

46
Q

Neutrophil

A 
60-70% (up in bact. infection)
fastest
bacteria
*lysozomes (digest bact.)
defensin proteins (antibiotics, poke holes in bact. cell)
release strong oxidants (H2O2)
47
Q

eosinophil

A 
2-4% (up in allergy, parasite)
relases histaminASE
*slow inflamation caused by basophil
attack worms
phagocytizees antibody antigen complexes
accidental triggering=allergies
48
Q

basophil

A 
<`1% (up in allergy, hypothyroid)
inflammatory response
Mast Cells (how they enter CT)
relase histamine, heparin, serotonin
inc inflam response, inc blood flow, allergic reactions
49
Q

lymphocyte

A

20-25% (up if viral)
Tcell
B cell
Natural Killer Cell

50
Q

T cell

A

attack virus, fungi, transplated organs, cancer cells, some bact
differintiates non self cells

51
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

attack many microbes
some tumor cells
kill forgieners with direct attack

52
Q

B Cell

A

destory bacteria

turn into plasma cells that produce antiboides

53
Q

Monocyte

A 
3-8% (up if viral, fungal)
slowest, but arrive in larger numbers
become macrophages (when they leave the blood)
destroy microbes
clean up dead tissue
54
Q

Phagocytosis

A 
neutrophils and monocytes
Process:
1. chemotaxis
2. Adherence & ingestion
3. Destruction
55
Q

Chemotaxis

A

attract phagocyte to infection site

relase chems from pathogen and/or infected cell (this is what attracts)

56
Q

Adherence and Ingestion

A

attachment of phagocyte to pathogen membrane
ingestion by pseudopodia (arm things)
result: phagosome

57
Q

Destruction

A

initiated when phagolysome fuse
lysozyme relasesd, destroys membrane of pathogen
fragments removed via excocytosis

58
Q

Phagolysosome

A

fusing of phagosome and lysosome

59
Q

Bone Marrow Transplant Procedure

A

destroy sick marrow (chemo, radiation)
put donor sample in vein, goes to marrow
success: compatability of donor and recipiant

60
Q

Bone Marrow Transplant Treatment

A 
leukemia
sickel cell
breast, ovaria, testicular cancer
lymphoma
aplastic anemia
61
Q

Platelet Lifetime and Location

A

5-9 days
2/3 in circulation
1/3 in spleen

62
Q

Thrombosis

A

clot formation

63
Q

thrombus

A

a clot

64
Q

embolus

A

circulating clot
BAD
lack of blood to area, distal will not live
stroke in brain

65
Q

hemorrhage

A

sever, uncontrolled bleeding

66
Q

Thrombocytopoiesis

A

myeloid stem–> megakaryocyte
TPO (thrombopoietin) causes frags to fall off mega (2000 to 3000 per cell)
very small platelets (10-20 could fit in RBC)

67
Q

Hemostasis

A

reaction to stop bleeding
must be small vessle
depends on plateltes

68
Q

3 phases of hemostasis

A

vascular spasms (immediate vasoconstriction in response)
platelet plug formation
coagulation

69
Q

Vascular Spasm

A 
hemostasis
ONLY in vessles with SMOOTH MUSCLE (so NO caps!!!!) also must be small
react to injury
reduce vessle diameter
stop blood flow
70
Q

Platelet Plug Formation

A 
Platelets dont normally stick
do when damage
stick to exposed collagen fibers (which it knows shouldnt be there)
ADP, seratonin, throboxane  2 relasesd
activate more platelets
ADP makes sticky, 
T and seratonin cause contraction of cells
result: tight soft platelet plug
71
Q

Coagulation

A

13 clotting factors (most from liver)
reactions where blood goes from liquid to gen
intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
(INT slower)

72
Q

eextrensic blood (hemostasis)

A

blood vessle

73
Q

intrinsic (hemostasis)

A

platelet, blood component

74
Q

common pathway for clotting

A
  1. prothrombinase activated
    prothrombin–> thrombin
  2. thrombin
    converts firinogen to fibrin (sol to insol)
    activate factor XIII (stabilize fibrin network)
75
Q

Formation of clotting factors

A

synthed in liver
prothrombin
fibrinogen
factors V, VII, IX, X

76
Q

Factor II

A

Thrombin

77
Q

Vitamin K needed for

A

making factors II, VII, IX, X

vit K deficiancy can lead to failure of clotting

78
Q

Lack of VIII

A

hemophiliacs

79
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

clots must be dissolved (so no embolus)

dissolution of clot

80
Q

things that make plasmin

A

tissue plasminogen activator, thrombin, plasminogen, make

digest fibrin strands and break clot

PSIO 202 1 The Heart (8 decks)

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