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Lec 144 > Lectures 7-9 (temperature effects on plants and animals, biotic interactions, interactions and ecosystem processes) > Flashcards

Lectures 7-9 (temperature effects on plants and animals, biotic interactions, interactions and ecosystem processes) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the direct effects of warming on primary producers (plants)

A
  • change to plant metabolism
  • altered 2nd plant chemistry
  • changed growth, morphology and phenology
  • modified resistance to consumers
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2
Q

what are the direct impacts of warming on consumers

A
  • change in phenology and growth

- altered competitive balance and prevalence of consumers

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3
Q

what are impacts of a plants modified resistance to consumers? (2)

A
  • changes in decompositon rates of plant litter

- altered herbivory and disease resistance, resulting in a loss of fitness

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4
Q

define phenology

A

the timing of developmental processes in plants and animals

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5
Q

give three examples of phenology in plants

A
  • bud bursting
  • flowering
  • leaf fall
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6
Q

give three examples of phenology in animals

A
  • hibernation emergence
  • reproduction timing
  • migration
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7
Q

what is the impact of climate change on animal development dependent on?

A

-whether the animal is warm/cold blooded

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8
Q

explain the direct impact of temperature change on warm blooded mammals?

A

-warm blooded mammals are highly buffered against temperature change compared to warm cold blooded mammals, so are less impacted by the direct effects of temperature change

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9
Q

explain the indirect effect of temperature change on warm blooded mammals?

A

-changes in prey availability and habitats (due to fires etc) and wider ecosystem impacts of climate change are more likely to impact warm blooded mammals

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10
Q

Why are warm blooded mammals better buffered against the direct impacts of temperature change than cold blooded mammals?

A
  • they are able to maintain THERMAL HOMEOSTASIS which gives them a constant core temperature. In contrast, cold blooded mammals are unable to do so and gain energy from their surroundings. this makes them more vulnerable to change
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11
Q

explain cold and warm blooded animals response to climate change in terms of ecological niches

A

-lack of ability to regulate body temperature gives cold blooded mammals smaller ecological niches compared to warm blooded mammals. this makes them far more vulnerable to environmental changes compared to warm blooded mammals, who have a wide range of niches

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12
Q

explain the impacts of changing temperatures on cold blooded animals

A
  • physiology and development are closely linked with temperature
  • they are highly vulnerable to temperature change
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13
Q

explain the relationship between temperature increase and development in cold blooded mammals

A

-there is a linear relationship between temperature increase and growth rate

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14
Q

what is the average threshold temperature for development in cold blooded organisms? what is the relationship with temperature?

A
  • 10 degrees celcius

- for every five degree temperature increase, there is a constant increase in the rate of development

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15
Q

what is accumulated temperature?

A

when the relationship between temperature and development are linear, ,temperature effects are summarized as accumulated temperature

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16
Q

how is accumulated temperature classifed?

A

-in terms of degree days

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17
Q

what are degree days?

A

-1 day at one degree celcius above average temperature would class as one degree day

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18
Q

give a simple definition of accumulated temperature

A

-the sum (in degrees celcius) by which temperature has risen or fallen around the average over a prolonged time period

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19
Q

if an environment was five degree above threshold for two days. how many degree days would that be?

A

-10 degree days of accumulated temperature

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20
Q

what is the impact of warming and degree days on plant and animal development?

A

-as higher temperatures are sustained for prolonged time periods, organisms often reach temperatures required for development at earlier points (eg. on a set number of degree days)

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21
Q

explain the link of climate change and animal development on cabbage butterfly

A
  • their development from egg to pupation occurs 174 degree days above the 10.5 degree threshold (in normal conditions)
  • at higher temperatures, development starts earlier in the year and this would cause more generations per year
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22
Q

what are the impacts of a greater population size of cabbage butterfly

A

-increased use of resource in the environment and alteration of ecosystem interactions

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23
Q

what are some of the real world impacts of higher temperatures?

A
  • amphibians are spawning 10 days earlier than they did 40 years ago
  • plants, pest and vectors of humans diseases have extended their range northwards. This has serious ecosystem implications
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24
Q

what will the impact of three degrees warming have on malaria?

A
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25
Q

what impact has warming had on uk birds?

A
  • expanding their northward range at a rate of 6 miles per decade
  • breeding a week earlier than they did 20 years ago
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26
Q

why are uk birds moving northward and breeding earlier?

A

-it isnt a direct response of temperature change (cause theyre warm blooded and well buffered), but more likely a response to changes prey (insect) distribution

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27
Q

what is the cause of differing optimum growth temperatures in plants?

A

-the carbon acquisition pathway (c4 or c3) and metabolisms

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28
Q

what are the predicted temperature effects on agricultural crops?

A
  • it is thought that the secondary effects(eg. drought) of changing temperatures will have a greater impact of UK crops and limit plant productivity.
  • warmer temperatures will alter distribution, and plants will migrate laterally for optimal conditions
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29
Q

what will the impacts of climate change be on stemless thistle?

A

-increased warming in the north (due to climate change) is likely to cause their distribution to expand northwards

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30
Q

what will the impacts of climate change be on wood cranesbill?

A

-expected to retreat further into the north (not expand) as warming southern conditions become intolerable

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31
Q

what will the impacts of climate change be on yellow mountain saxifrage?

A

-theyre currently an arctic alpine species hanging onto their most northern limits in the uk(eg. highlands, snowdonia etc), and increasing temperatures are expected to cause a further northern retreat and potential loss from the uk

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32
Q

what is the other impact on plant species (besides loss) from warming conditions?

A

-new species may migrate to the uk, and new species composition will result

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33
Q

which two organisms development is well correlated with accumulated temperature above a threshold minimum?

A

-cold blooded mammals and plants

34
Q

what are the impacts in spring and autumn processes on plants in the uk?

A
  • spring flowering and leafing is getting earlier

- autumn leaf loss is getting later

35
Q

why are cold temperatures essential for seed growth?

A

-stratification is a COLD moist period that is essential for breaking seed dormancy. It is essential at preventing seeds from germinating until ideal conditions are reached

36
Q

how are cold temperatures essential for flowering?

A

-flowering in winter cereals is dependent on a period of low temperatures, referred to as VERNELISATION

37
Q

what will the impact of higher temperatures have on uk crop productivity?

A
  • without low temperatures, some plants will germinate/flower inappropriately
  • however this is thought to have a limited impact, as farmers can simply begin growing european cultivars adapted to such conditions
38
Q

what impact will changes in native plant distribution have?

A
  • species loss and gain will impact biodiversity
  • changes in seasonality/composition may cause a loss of synchronicity with the animals that feed on them, impacting food webs
39
Q

what are the three types of degree days?

A

heating, cooling and growing degree days

40
Q

what organisms are responsible for the process of disease?

A

plant pathogens

41
Q

what organisms are responsible for the process of herbivory?

A

herbivores/consumers

42
Q

what organisms are responsible for the process of competition?

A

neighboring plants, weeds

43
Q

define disease? what three organisms cause this?

A
  • damage to plants due to infection by:

- viruses,fungi,bacteria (plant pathogens/microorganisms)

44
Q

give an example plant virus and explain how they impact plants

A
  • cucumber virus

- viruses cause CHLOROSIS and chlorotic legions on plants, which impacts photosynthetic ability and subsequent growth

45
Q

give example bacterial and fungus diseases

A

bacteria: crown gall
fungus: potato blight

46
Q

give information on the plant disease dutch elms disease

A

dutch elms disease is a vascular disease, and is spread by bark beetles.

47
Q

how does herbivory impact plants?

A

-damage leaves, which can reduce leaf area for photosynthesis

48
Q

what are the main impacts of competition?

A

-causes a decrease in the maximum size of a population in a given habitat

49
Q

what are the two types of competition?

A

inter specific or intra specific

50
Q

how do competition, pathogens and pests impact plant growth?

A

it interferes with the hosts ability to acquire the four key resources of: light, water,carbon dioxide, nutrients

51
Q

what two factors are the amount of light interception dependent on?

A

-the leaf area and efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus

52
Q

how does light interception link to competiton?

A

-plants that intercept the most light are generally in better health and compete the strongest

53
Q

what three adaptations increase a plants competitive ability?

A
  • height
  • growth rate
  • leaf area
54
Q

how do pest and pathogens impact light interception and resultant yields (3 reasons)

A
  • reducing leaf area, which reduces the ability to harvest light (Which impacts growth)
  • reducing the overall efficiency of photosynthesis(eg, chlorosis)
  • a combination of the two, which has long term effects on competitive ability
55
Q

what is photosynthate?

A

-a collective term used to describe the substances produced by photosynthesis

56
Q

how do plants respond to changes in photosynthate levels (two responses)

A
  • acclamation

- adaptation

57
Q

describe and explain acclamation

A
  • acclamation is simply compensating for lost photosynthate, such as increasing the rate of photosyntheiss in undamaged plant leaves
  • it also includes methods of reducing the severity of future attacks via SYSTEMATIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE
58
Q

what are the three plant adaptations to photosynthate reduction?

A
  • tolerance
  • resistance
  • chemical defenses
59
Q

describe the adaptation of tolerance

A

-the plants ability to endure herbivory and pathogens. for example. accumulating stored reserved that can be mobilized to facilitate rapid regrowth after damage

60
Q

describe the adaptation of resistance

A
  • the ability of plants to reduce herbivory or infection severity
  • via morpholigcal adaptation (spikes,thorns) or increasing overall toughness, which provides increased physical barriers and prevent herbivory/pathogen penetration
61
Q

describe the adaptation of chemical defences

A
  • via the synthesis of cyanides, phenoloic compounds etc

- compounds commonly produced in response to environmental stress (eg. uvb exposure)to protect the plant

62
Q

how do tannins work in plant defense? specify the impact on insects

A
  • they increase overall toxicity
  • insect guts are alkaline, whereas tannis form oxides in their guts. this forms free radicals and reactive species that increase oxidative stress-making them toxic
  • they also decrease protein uptake and fitness of herbivores
63
Q

what are the four endpoints of photosynthate? how does climate change influence them?

A

four endpoints: storage,growth,reproduction,defense

-climate change impacts the distribution/division of photosynthate to these different endpoints

64
Q

in defense, what defense features are negatively correlated with herbivory?

A
  • tannin concentration
  • fibre (lignin) content
  • cellulose content
  • toughness
  • that means an increase in their concentration causes a decrease in herbivory
65
Q

in defense, what features are positively correlated with herbivory?

A

-water and nitrogen content

66
Q

what s nitrogen commonly expressed as? whats its correlation with herbivory?

A

as a c:n ratio, which is NEGATIVELY correlated with herbivory

67
Q

in birch leaves, which substances are negatively correlated with herbivory and which are positively?

A

-positively correlated: nitrogen concentration

negatively correlated: tanin, linin, C:N ration, Lignin:N ration

68
Q

how do higher lignin and tannin concentrations (a result of defence) impact consumers?

A

higher concentrations of these compounds in plants causes changes in the PHENYLPROPANOID pathway, which produces extra defense compounds
-this makes the plant harder to digest, and inhibits consumers

69
Q

how do leaf nitrogen concentrations impact consumers?

A

-lesser nitrogen means a high C:N ratio, which decreases the nutritional value of tissues for consumers

70
Q

what influences end point balance for photosynthate?

A

-the availability of essential resources (carbon,water,nutrients)

71
Q

why does resource availability impact the distribution of describe the adaptation of photosynthate?

A

-different endpoints have different requirement for different quantities of each substance, and when theyre lmiting they dont need photosynthate, so its moved to a different end point

72
Q

explain the redistribution of photosynthate when non pohotosynthate resources are limiting

A

-growth+reproduction require large amounts of non photosynthate resources, when these are limiting they cannot utilise all of the provided photosynthate (as the two resources must be used in conjunction), so it is transported and placed in storage and defense

73
Q

the increase in which two factors causes an increase in photosynthate availability in the plant?

A

-increase in carbon dioxide concentration and warmer temperatures (as these increase the rate of photosynthesis, lectures 4-6)

74
Q

what are the predicted impacts on the allocation of phtosynthate between endpoints in response to elevated carbon dioxide+warming?

A

-increase carbon fixation will mean more photosynthate, and as non-photosynthate resources have a threshold for the amount they can utilise with these resources, the excess will go into storage and defense

75
Q

what are the predicted impacts of an increase of phoytosynthate storage in defense?

A

-decrease herbivory, disease and decomposition

76
Q

what is storage primarily made of in plants?

A

-starch (carbon)

77
Q

what impact does an increase of photosynthate storage have on the overall plant?

A

-as starch (the main storage molecule) is essentially all carbon, an increase carbon stored within tissues will, if nitrogen is limiting, cause a change in the C:N ratio of the plant

78
Q

what impact does storages effect on a plants C:N ratio have on defense?

A

-there is a negative correlation between the C:N ratio and defense. Therefore, as storage increase the C:N ratio, there will be a marked increase in defense

79
Q

how does an increase starch build up impact photosynthesis?

A
  • it inhibits photosynthesis via negative feedback mechanisms
  • therefore the effects of elevated co2 on photosynthesis are thought to be self limiting
80
Q

its established that increase co2 may cause an increase in herbivory, however why may herbivory actually increase in some cases?

A

-the changes in C:N ratios etc make the leaves poorer quality, so herbivores adjust by simply eating more

81
Q

how does elevated co2 alter decomposition rates? why?

A

-it causes an overall decrease in decomposition due to increased defense features within the plant

82
Q

what larger system impact does decreased decomposition rates have?

A

-reduction in nutrient cycling. this will cause an increase of co2 sequestation.

Lec 144 (6 decks)

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