Lectures 7-9

Question 1

What to include in Methods?

Answer 1

1. study region
2. Data - year, source: where can the data be acquired?
3. Unit of analysis - map the variable to be studied
4. Analysis
   - Geographic pattern and clustering
   - Identify associations

Question 2

What to include in Results?

Answer 2

1. Should cover all the results
2. Tabulate the results
3. Unimportant results can be briefly described without tabulation
4. No discussions of results in the result section (should only report the results.

Question 3

What to include in Discussions?

Answer 3

1. Requires interpretation of the results with critical thinking
2. Focus on the main findings
3. Compare findings with those from past studies/reports in planning
4. Limitations of research
5. Future research
6. Planning policies

Question 4

What is Metadata and what might it include?

Answer 4

Metadata provides information about the data. Metadata might include: original scale of the data, when the geographic boundaries were created, data source, when the attribute data were collected, and precision

Question 5

Name two concerns with Spatial Approaches

Answer 5

1. Ecological fallacy / ecological bias: Draw conclusions about individuals based solely on the observation of groups –> bias.
2. Modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP): Result strongly depends on the small areas being used in the analysis (Result might change if boundaries change)

Question 6

Indicators

Answer 6

Measurements used to analyze built environment characteristics

Question 7

Metrics

Answer 7

Set of indicators and planning policies; used to formulate effective policy and implement plans

Question 8

5 factors outlines in Metrics for Planning Healthy Communities

Answer 8

1) Active living
2) Healthy food system
3) Environmental exposures
4) Emergency preparedness
5) Social cohesion

Question 9

metrics support smart planning… (4 ways)

Answer 9

1. identify critical areas that lack resources for healthy living
2. facilitate spatial analysis
3. set quantitative goals for those areas, and then revisit the metrics periodically to monitor and evaluate the progress
4. explore equity issues or analyze the association between socioeconomic status, built environment, and health

Question 10

Knowledge transfer

Answer 10

seeks to organize, create, capture or distribute knowledge and ensure its availability for future users

Question 11

Knowledge translation

Answer 11

moving research from the laboratory, research journal and academic conference into the hands of people and organizations who can put it to practical use

Question 12

4 Stages of survey research

Answer 12

1. Planning a survey research
2. Questionnaire design
3. Data collection
4. Analysis and reports

Question 13

Two basic methods for conducting a survey

Answer 13

Self-administered and Interviewer-administered

Question 14

Questions in Telephone Interviews

Answer 14

Respondents cannot reread items, so

1. Keep questions short (<25 words)
2. No more than 5 response options
3. No more than 3 items to rank

Question 15

Benefits of Telephone Interviews

Answer 15

1. Typically, higher response rates than self- administered.
2. Less “don’t know” and “no” answers.
3. Can observe the respondents and make notes.
4. Keep respondents interested: break into sections, make a break

Question 16

Focus group interviews

Answer 16

1. the interviewer facilitates the session, examine how respondents responses in a collective manner.
2. Someone take notes for the entire group
3. Simulates and modifies view points (multiple people present their views).
4. Often used purposive sampling for focus groups.

Question 17

What is sampling?

Answer 17

Make generalizations about the population based on the samples collected

Question 18

Sample

Answer 18

The group of people you select to be in your study

Question 19

Sampling frame

Answer 19

The list of the accessible population from which you will draw your sample