Lecture 4-6 Flashcards
What is a spatial weight file?
Provides neighbourhood information of your map
Spatial Weight/Contiguity File
For contiguity based method that uses 1 or 0 to denote whether areas are neighbours or not, the contiguity information is sometimes stored in a file, which is referred to as a spatial weight file
Spatial Weights Matrix
the neighbouring connections are on the map and how important these are relative to one another
Defining Neighbours: Adjacency-based
Rook-based Contiguity - only shapes that touch common boundary line
Queen-based Contiguity-
share a common boundary point
Local Moran’s I
Shows the locations of spatial clusters aka. the clustering of the indicator at specific locations
The output is a map instead of a value.
Social Determinants of Health
the complex, integrated, and overlapping social structures and economic systems that are responsible for most health inequities
Proximal factors of Health
They have a direct impact on a health outcome
Distal factors of Health
Have an affect health through intermediary factors (non-direct)
Relationship of Distal and Proximal factors
the built environment in which individual lives and works-a distal factor-may have an impact on the amount of physical activity-a proximal factor-and thus on bodyweight
Hypothesis testing
Also known as significance testing. Test the extent to which a hypothesis might be significant.
What are the two things we need to do before Hypothesis Testing?
- Specify the meanings of all the variables involved in the hypothesis.
- Specify how we’ll measure the variables –> operationalization (specifying the exact operations involved in measuring a variable).
How is hypothesis testing done (three steps)?
- Define your variables: specify the meanings of all the variables involved.
- Specify how you’ll measure the variables.
- Analyze the data. (eg. using regression analysis)
When should we apply spatial regression and not classic regression?
Independence Assumption: use a map display OR Moran’s I to test for spatial patterns of the residuals
Spatial Error Regression differs from Classic Regression because….
- it has a map (in the form of a spatial weights file or matrix) that is added and required for the analysis needed in the data input - Allows for data dependence
- Also has a autoregressive coefficient
Relational statements Deterministic vs. Probabilistic
Deterministic:
- Two variables go together all of the time.
- If the variables are not related in this way, then the statement must be modified.
E.g., as the economy shrinks by 1 per cent, the arson rate increases by 5 per cent.
Probabilistic:
- Two variables go together with some degree of regularity.
- Not always related in that way.
E.g., people who smoke are more likely to get lung cancer.
