Lecture 10

Question 1

Types of questions: Blank

Answer 1

“Enter your age in years” ___

Question 2

Types of questions: Dichotomous questions (response formats)

Answer 2

Only 2 possible answers

Question 3

Types of questions: Nominal

Answer 3

“Check how you travel to school/work”: bus car walk other

Question 4

Types of questions: Ordinal

Answer 4

Rank the following issues from your most important (1) to your least important (4)

Question 5

Types of questions: Interval

Answer 5

Likert and Semantic

Question 6

Likert scale

Answer 6

Some statements: Respondents tell their level of agreement to each statement (item) 
•	Strongly disagree (SD) 
•	Disagree (D) 
•	Undecided (U) 
•	Agree (A) 
•	Strongly agree (SA) 

Ratings of items can be summed to produce an overall score

Question 7

Semantic differential

Answer 7

Anchor scale with adjectives that are polar extremes

Question 8

Ordering items in Self-administered surveys

Answer 8

Begin with the most interesting set of items (want to answer them)
Leave dull demographic items (e.g., age, gender) and more difficult items at the end.

Question 9

Ordering items in Interview-administered surveys

Answer 9

Begin with easily answered and non threatening questions, then move into more sensitive matters.

Question 10

High response rate means ________.

Answer 10

less chance of bias

Question 11

Contingency question

Answer 11

when some questions relevant to some but not all respondents (avoid more than three levels

Question 12

Matrix questions

Answer 12

Asking a few questions that have the same set of answer categories. Typically, using Likert response.

Question 13

Snowball Sampling (purposive sampling)

Answer 13

You begin by identifying someone who meets the criteria for inclusion in your study. You then ask them to recommend others who they may know who also meet the criteria.

Question 14

Heterogeneity Sampling (purposive sampling)

Answer 14

We sample for heterogeneity when we want to include all opinions or views, and we aren’t concerned about representing these views proportionately. Another term for this is sampling for diversity

Question 15

Two Types of Quota Sampling (purposive sampling)

Answer 15

Proportional quota sampling: you want to represent the major characteristics of the population by sampling a proportional amount of each

Nonproportional quota sampling: you specify the minimum number of sampled units you want in each category. here, you’re not concerned with having numbers that match the proportions in the population. You simply want to have enough to assure that you will be able to talk about even small groups in the population

Question 16

Expert Sampling (purposive sampling)

Answer 16

Expert sampling involves the assembling of a sample of persons with known or demonstrable experience and expertise in some area

Question 17

Modal Instance Sampling (purposive sampling)

Answer 17

The mode is the most frequently occurring value in a distribution. In sampling, when we do a modal instance sample, we are sampling the most frequent case, or the “typical” case.

Question 18

Purposive Sampling

Answer 18

We sample with a purpose in mind. We might sample for specific groups or types of people as in modal instance, expert, or quota sampling. We might sample for diversity as in heterogeneity sampling. Or, we might capitalize on informal social networks to identify specific respondents who are hard to locate otherwise, as in snowball sampling. In all of these methods we know what we want – we are sampling with a purpose

Question 19

Non-probability Sampling

Answer 19

The difference between non-probability and probability sampling is that non-probability sampling does not involve random selection and probability sampling does

Question 20

Accidental, Haphazard or Convenience Sampling

Answer 20

It is primarily a matter of sampling out of convenience. the problem with all of these types of samples is that we have no evidence that they are representative of the populations we’re interested in generalizing to – and in many cases we would clearly suspect that they are not.

Question 21

Probability Sampling

Answer 21

is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection

Question 22

Simple Random Sampling

Answer 22

Use a table of random numbers, a computer random number generator, or a mechanical device to select the sample

Question 23

Stratified Random Sampling

Answer 23

Also called proportional or quota random sampling, involves dividing your population into homogeneous subgroups and then taking a simple random sample in each subgroup.

Question 24

Systematic Random Sampling

Answer 24

i. number the units in the population from 1 to N
ii. decide on the n (sample size) that you want or need
iii. k = N/n = the interval size
iv. randomly select an integer between 1 to k
v. then take every kth unit

Question 25

Cluster (Area) Random Sampling

Answer 25

In cluster sampling, we follow these steps:

i. divide population into clusters (usually along geographic boundaries)
ii. randomly sample clusters
iii. measure all units within sampled clusters

Question 26

Multi-stage Sampling

Answer 26

The most important principle here is that we can combine the simple methods described earlier in a variety of useful ways that help us address our sampling needs in the most efficient and effective manner possible