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Pulmonology > Lectures 6-8 > Flashcards

Lectures 6-8 Flashcards

1
Q

How is rhodococcus equi spread

A

Inhalation from the soil to foal, NOT foal to foal

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2
Q

What are clinical signs of R. Equi

A

Bronchopneumonia

Extrapulmonary disease

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3
Q

What is the only way to make a definitive diagnosis of R. Equi

A

Tracheobronchial aspiration- degenerate neutrophils, gram positive coccobacillus

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4
Q

How to treat R. Equi

A

Macrolide and rifampin

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5
Q

What is pneumonia?

How about pleuropneumonia?

A

Pneumonia- infection involving lung parenchyma

Pleuropneumonia- pneumonia or lung abscess that extends to and involves the visceral pleura

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6
Q

What infectious agents cause pneumonia/pleuropneumonia

A

S. Zooepidemicus
Gram negative bacteria
Anaerobes

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7
Q

How to treat pneumonia/pleuropneumonia

A

Antibiotics, pleural drainage, supportive care, thoracotomy and rib resection

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8
Q

What complications come from pneumonia/pleuropneumonia

A

Endotoxemia, laminitis, pleural/pulmonary abscesses, pneumothorax, pericarditis

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9
Q

What is exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage

A

Presence of blood in the airways after intense exercise from failure of pulmonary capillaries during exercise

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10
Q

How to treat EIPH

A

Furosemide prior to racing

Doesn’t prevent hemorrhage, but decreases severity

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11
Q

What clinical signs will you see with heaves

A

Cough, exercise intolerance, abnormal lung sounds, resp distress, increased expiration effort, weight loss

*usually don’t see fever unless complicated by secondary bacterial infection

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12
Q

How to treat heaves

A

Reduce dust/allergen exposure
Corticosteroids
Bronchodilator

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13
Q

Describe cow lungs

A

Well developed lung lobes, well developed lung lobulation, small total alveolar surface area, extensive lymph drainage (pleural effusion is rare)

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14
Q

Which lung is bigger in cattle

A

Right lung- much bigger

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15
Q

What is calf diphteria

A

Infection of soft tissue of oral cavity and/or laryngeal mucosa

Oral necrobacillosis, necrotic laryngitis

Usually caused by T. Pyogenes and fusobacterium necrophorum

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16
Q

What are clinical signs of calf diphteria

A

Fever, anorexia, excessive salivation, halitosis, moist painful cough +/- inspiratory dyspnea when larynx is involved

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17
Q

What is the treatment for calf diphteria

A

Penicillin +/- sulfa

NSAIDS may help

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18
Q

Viral diseases in cattle

A 
Parainfluenza virus type 3
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus
Bovine viral diarrhea virus
Coronavirus
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19
Q

What is the main significance of viral disease in cattle

A

They kill the cells responsible for ciliary escalator and kill macrophages
It immunocompromises them and sets them up for bacterial pneumonia

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20
Q

How are viral resp diseases transmitted in cattle

A

Direct contact or aerosolized

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21
Q

Describe PI3

A

Affects cattle, sheep, and goats;

Have several vaccines

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22
Q

Bovine resp syncytial virus

A

Affects cattle, sheep and goats
Causes flu-like symptoms and immunosuppression
Diagnoses through rqPCR

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23
Q

BHV1.1

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

Will see fever, nasal discharge, cough, conjuctivitis, corneal opacities, pustules in nose, hyperemia of nose, abortion, secondar bacterial infection

Can become latent

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24
Q

BRD

A

Bovine respiratory disease complex

Environmental weather conditions, viral infectious, and stress —>
Impaired pulmonary defense mechanisms —> colonization of bacterial pathogens —> bronchopneumonia

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25
Q

Enzootic calf pneumonia- who does it affect

A

Calves 2 weeks to 5 months old

Mostly dairy calves

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26
Q

Environmental factors contributing to enzootic calf pneumonia

A 
Inadequate ventilation
Inadequate temp and humidity
Poor sanitation
Overcrowding
Noxious gases
Dust
Failure of passive immunity
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27
Q

Virus factors contributing to enzootic calf pneumonia

A

IBR, PI3, BRSV (most important), BVD, mycoplasma (can be sole agent)

28
Q

Bacteria contributors to enootic calf pneumonia

A

P. Multocida, T.pyogenes, M. Hemolytica, H. Somni,

Strep, salmonella, e coli, pseudomonas

29
Q

Clinical signs of enzootic calf pneumonia

A

Fever, cough, nasal discharge, resp distress, bloat, weight loss, large airway sounds in the lungs

30
Q

How to diagnose enzootic calf pneumonia

A

Hematology, nasal swabs, transtracheal wash, radiograph/US (best way), necropsy

31
Q

How to treat and prevent enzootic calf pneumonia

A

Antibiotics, NSAIDs, nursing care

Can prevent with vx, environmental management (most important), passive transfer

32
Q

Who does shipping fever complex affect

A

Young cattle that have recently been shipped to sale yards and feedlots

33
Q

What are physical risk factors of shipping fever

A

Abrupt weaning, overcrowding and interaction with cows from other locations, traveling through rough conditions

34
Q

When would shipping fever complex occur

A

Peak incidence occurs 7-14 days after arrival at feedlot

35
Q

What are clinical signs of shipping fever

A

Stand off by themselves, depressed, decreased appetite, increased resp rate, fever, ocular and nasal discharge, moist cough, dyspnea and death in advanced cases

36
Q

What main 3 agents causes shipping fever

A

Manheimia hemolytica
Pasturella multocida
Histophilus somni

37
Q

What serotype of M. Haemolytica is most commonly isolated in shipping fever

A

Serotype A1

Growth of serotype occurs in nasopharynx after stress

38
Q

Histophilus somni- where is it normally located?

What is it a significant cause of in feedlots?

What is different about this vs M. Haemolytica

A

Normal inhabitant of nasopharynx
Significant cause of pneumonia in feedlots
Can cause bacteriemia and involve other organ systems

39
Q

How to diagnose shipping fever

A

Hematology
Imaging
Transtracheal wash
Necropsy

40
Q

What drugs do you have to avoid when treating shipping fever in feedlots

A

Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin)

Chloramphenicol

Excessive doses

41
Q

How to treat shipping fever

A

Approved antibiotics
Nsaids (flunixin)
NO steroids
Supportive therapy

42
Q

How to prevent shipping fever

A
  • Preconditioning- wean, vaccinate, castrate and all those other things 3 weeks before shipping
  • Avoid auction yards and overcrowding
  • Vaccination on arrival at feedlot if not before
  • Antimicrobial therapy on arrival at feedlot (metaphylaxis)
43
Q

What vaccines should you give to prevent shipping fever

A

Vaccinate against viral agents

H. Somni vx

M. Haemolytica vx

44
Q

What is vena caval thrombosis and metastatic pneumonia

A

Abscessation of lungs caused by septic thromboembolism

  • emboli usually originate from caudal venal cava
  • commonly occur secondary to ruminitis
45
Q

Other than vena caval thrombosis, what else can cause metastatic pneumonia

A

Jugular vein phlebitis
Mastitis
Metritis
Footrot

46
Q

What are clinical signs of vena caval thrombosis?

A

Common in feedlot cattle
Weight loss
Hemoptysis
Resp signs with anemia, widespread wheezes, and hemoptysis is pathgnomonic
After hemotypsis there is rapid deterioration

47
Q

How to treat/prevent vena caval thrombosis

A

Penicillin but bad prognosis

Need to prevent by slow transition to highly fermentable diets

48
Q

What is acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema

A

Happens to adult cattle
Atypical, interstitial pneumonia
Called “fog fever”

49
Q

What are clinical signs of acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema

A

Develops 2-14 days after pasture switch
Acute onset of dyspnea with loud expiratory grunt, open mouth breathing, tachypnea
Normal lung sounds

50
Q

How to treat/prevent ABPEE

A

Avoid stress
Nsaids
Prevent by transitioning slowly to new pastures

51
Q

What is parasitic pneumonia caused by

A

Dictyocaulus viviparus

52
Q

Who does parasitic pneumonia affect the most and when does it occur

A

Cows less than two years of age 1-3 weeks after moving to infected pasture

53
Q

How to diagnose parasitic pneumonia

A

Clinical signs and history
Demonstration of L1 during patent period
Eosinophils in TTW during prepatent stage
Peripheral eosinophilia

54
Q

How to treat parasitic pneumonia

A

Remove from infected pasture

Levamisole, fenbendazole, ivermectin

55
Q

What are upper respiratory diseases in sheep/goat

A

Necrotic laryngitis

Caseous lympadenitis caused by C. Pseudotuberculosis

56
Q

Bacterial pneumonia of sheep/goats

A

Similar to BRD

Caused by M.haemolytic

57
Q

What can cause lung abscesses in sheep/goats

A

C. Pseudotuberculosis

58
Q

What can cause parsitic pneumonia in sheep/goats

A

Dictyocaulus filaria

Protostrongylus rufescens- snail intermediate host

Muellerius capillaris- snail intermediate host

59
Q

What are the acute viral resp viruses of sheep and goats

A

PI-3
BRSV
Adenovirus

60
Q

What are the chronic viral resp diseases of sheep and goats

A

Ovine progressive pneumonia (sheep only)
CAE (goats only)
Pulmonary adenomatosis (mainly sheep)

61
Q

When do you usually see ovine progressive pneumonia?

Clinical signs?

A

Sheep older than 2-3 years

Weigh loss, resp failure, lymphocytic mastits, posterior paresis, arthritis, vasculitis

Death usually within 6-12 months

62
Q

What are differential diagnoses for ovine progressive pneumonia

A

Bronchopneumonia
Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis
Parasitic pneumona
C. Pseudotuberculosis

63
Q

How is ovine progressive pneumonia spread

A

Horizontal transmission

64
Q

What are clinical signs of pulmonary adenocarcinoma

A

Weight loss, tachypnea, coughing, lots of nasal discharge

65
Q

How to treat pulmonary adenomatosis

A

There is no treatment- death occurs within first few months of clinical signs

66
Q

What causes pulmonary adenomatosis in ovines

A

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus

Pulmonology (10 decks)

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