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Pulmonology > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some common nasal diseases?

A 
Feline URTD
Nasal tumors
Nasopharyngeal polyps
Foreign bodies
Fungal disease
Rhinitis
Tooth root abscess
Nasal pharyngeal obstruction
Nasal parasites
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2
Q

What signs localize disease to nose/nasopharynx

A

Stertor
Nasal discharge
Sneezing
Open mouth breathing

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3
Q

What are viral causes of feline URTD

A

Feline herpes virus (most common)
Feline calicivirus (most common)
Influenza (rare)

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4
Q

What are bacterial causes of feline URTD

A

Chlamydia felis (common)
Bordatella bronchiseptica
Mycoplasma
Streptococcus (canis or zooepidemicus)

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5
Q

How is feline URTD spread

A

Close contact- actively infected, carrier cats, contaminated fomites
Will see in multicat environments

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6
Q

Which is more common form of feline URTD- acute or chronic

A

Acute

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7
Q

What classic sign will you see with FHV-1

A

Corneal ulceration, abortion, neonatal death

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8
Q

What classic signs will you see with FCV

A

Oral ulceration, pneumonia, polyarthritis

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9
Q

What classic sign will you see with chlamydophila

A

Conjunctivitis, chemosis, nasal discharge, sneezing

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10
Q

What signs will you see of chronic feline URTD

A

Most are asymptomatic

May see secondary bacterial infections due to irreversible damage done to mucus

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11
Q

What signs will you with mycoplasma

A

Conjunctivitis

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12
Q

What signs will you with bordetella in cats

A

Coughing, tachypnea, cyanosis

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13
Q

How to diagnosis feline URTD

A

If clinical signs and history point you in this direction…then do PCR

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14
Q

What do you have to have for a postive PCR

A

Have to have a live active infection

If it’s latent, PCR will always be negative

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15
Q

What if a cat has been vaccinated or immunized against URTD?

A

Doesn’t rule it out!

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16
Q

How to treat acute feline URTD

What is contraindicated?

A

Most cases are self limiting

Need to make sure the cat keeps eating or starts eating again

Give fluids

Isolation

Nebulizer

Antibiotics in severe cases of secondary infection

Corticosteroids are contraindicated

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17
Q

How to treat chronic feline URTD

A

Similar to acute therapy

No cure, so just supportive care

Can do turbinectomy and frontal sinus ablation as a salvage procedure

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18
Q

Why should you not use corticosteroid in chronic feline URTD

A

Increase viral shedding
Worsen secondary infections
Mask underlying diseases

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19
Q

How to prevent feline URTD

A

Vaccinate individual cats and avoid exposure with other cats

Isolate new cats coming into the household for a few weeks

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20
Q

Describe nasal tumors

A

Locally aggressive
Distal metastasis is uncommon, but should still check
Uncommon in cats

21
Q

What type of nasal tumors happen dogs?

Cats?

A

Most are malignant.
Will see carcinoma and sarcoma in dogs
Will see lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, and sarcoma in cats

22
Q

Who is most at risk for nasal tumors

A

Middle aged to older dogs and cats

Dolichocephalic and mesencephalic are at increased risks

Increased risk in male cats compared to females

23
Q

How to diagnose nasal tumors

A 
History and physical exam
Blood pressure
Coag profile
Airflow detection
Imaging- CT is gold standard
Rhinoscopy and biopsy
24
Q

How to treat nasal tumors

A

Limited treatment options- not responsive to chemo unless lymphoma
Surgical excision if benign
Radiation therapy

Can also give analgesics, NSAIDs, and antibiotics

25
Q

What are nasopharyngeal polyps? Who do they infect?

A

Common benign pedunculated growth (can be progressive and chronic)

Kittens and young cats

26
Q

What are polyps composed of

A

Inflammatory tissue, fibrous connective tissue, and epithelium

27
Q

How to treat polyps

A

Surgical excision- need to get all the tissue or else will see recurrence

28
Q

What causes fungal rhinitis in the dog?

Cat?

A

Aspergillus in dog

Cryptcoccus in cat

29
Q

How do cats get cryptococcosis

A

Bird poop or decaying eucalyptus trees

30
Q

What signs will you see with cryptococcosis in cats?

A 
Naso-facial swelling followed by nonhealing ulceration
Nasal discharge
Stertor
Inspiratory dyspnea
Sneezing and snufflinf
Submandibular lymphadenopathy
31
Q

How to diagnose cryptcoccosis

A

Can diagnose on cytology alone

Also a blood antigen test (how you know to continue treating)

32
Q

How to treat cryptococcosis

A

Fluconazole or itraconazole until antigen negative + 2 additional months

Sometimes do surgery if have a big nodule

33
Q

What is nasal aspergillosis

A

Opportunistic fungal infection in mesocephalic and dolichocephalic breed less than 7 years old

34
Q

What are clinical signs of aspergillus

A 
Chronic mucopurulent nasal discharge
Nasal pain
Nasal ulceration/depigmentation
Sneezing
Epistaxis
35
Q

How to treat aspergillus

A

Challenging to treat

Topical antifungal- multiple treatments with clotrimazole

36
Q

What is rhinitis

A

Causes chronic nasal disease but no evidence of any other etiologic process

Unknown etiology

37
Q

What is lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis?

A

Affects dogs and cats
Will see chronic nasal disease signs
Diagnoses when can’t find anything else
Caused by inhaled irritants/particulate matter, unknown infection, or possible autoimmune process

38
Q

What is allergic rhinitis

A

Uncommon manifestation of allergy
Will see lots of eosinophils
Another case of diagnoses of exclusion (nothing else fits)

39
Q

Bacterial rhinitis

A

Usually a secondary disease EXCEPT bordetella, mycoplasma, chlamydia (can cause primary disease)

40
Q

Nasal foreign bodies- when to suspect?

How to diagnose?

How to treat?

A

Sudden onset of sneezing and nasal discharge, pawing at the nose

Diagnose with imaging

Remove foreign body and flush nasal passage

41
Q

Tooth root abscesses- what is it?

Clinical signs?

Diagnoses?

A

Chronic rhinosinusitis with concurrent visible dental disease

Will see nasal discharge and/or hemorrhage

Full oral exam, probe teeth, imaging

42
Q

What is nasopharyngeal obstruction

A

Pathologic narrowing within nasopharynx

43
Q

Clinical signs of nasopharyngeal obstruction

A

Resolving stertor with open mouth breathing
Chronic nasal discharge
Gagging

44
Q

How to treat nasopharyngeal obstruction

A

Stretch affected tissue

Insert a stint

45
Q

What causes nasopharyngeal obstruction

A

Congenital disease

Secondary to:
Chronic rhinitis
Aspiration rhinitis (most common)
Surgical manipulation
Trauma
Tumor
Polyp
46
Q

What three agents cause nasal parasites

A

Mite- pneumonyssoides caninum

Nematode- capillaria boehmi

Warbles- cuterebra

47
Q

How to diagnose nasal parasites

A

P. Caninum: visualize on rhinoscopy

C. Boehmi: fecal flotation, rhinoscopy

Cuterebra: visualize

48
Q

How to treat nasal parasites

A

P. Caninum: ivermectin, milbemycin oxime

C. Boehmi: ivermectin, fenbendazole

Cuterebra: manual removal

Pulmonology (10 decks)

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