Lectures 5-8 Flashcards
Definition of burnout
A psychological syndrome of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation and reduced sense of performance accomplishments
Example of burnout
Jonah Lomu
Always felt tired when he burned out
Three parts of burnout (Massachusetts and Jackson 1984)
Then three parts of burnout (Radeke, Lunney and Venables (2002)
Emotional exhaustion
Depersonalisation
Reduced sense of performance accomplishments
Physical, psychological and/or emotional exhaustion
Devaluation
Reduced sense of performance accomplishments
Definition of burnout in sport
A withdrawal (from sport) notes by a reduced sense of accomplishment, devaluation/resentment of sport, and physical/psychological exhaustion”
Creswell and Eklund created a questionnaire which can assess what?
Whether an athlete has/is experiencing burnout
Key characteristics of reduced sense of accomplishment
Mistakes,
Not playing too potential,
Low feelings of achievement
Key characteristics of sport devaluation
Not focussed on performance,
Sport no longer enjoyable
Loss of enthusiasm
Key characteristics of physical and emotional exhaustion
Inability to motivate self
Moody
Wanting to do nothing
Reasons that cause burnout
Anti-rest culture
Pressure to perform
Heavy training and playing load
How can you monitor burnout using self report measures?
Athlete burnout questionnaire (Radeke)
Maslach burnout inventory (Maslach)
Recovery stress questionnaire (Kellman)
How can you monitor burnout using self report measures of mood states?
Profile of mood states (McNair)
Positive and negative affect schedule (Watson)
How can you monitor burnout using other measures?
Appropriate recovery
Coach observation
Training diary
Pros and cons of using self report measures to monitor burnout
Simple
Easy
Constant assessment
Possibly inaccurate answers
Different perceptions of feelings
Pros and cons of using appropriate recovery to monitor burnout
Simply
Easy
Can be worked into a routine
Burnout could still occur if calculation incorrect
Individual differences in the amount of recovery required
Pros and cons of using coach observation to monitor burnout
Discover signs early
Athlete possibly unaware of symptoms
May benefit future athletes
Possibly inaccurate
May deliberately ignore symptoms
What is periodised training?
Expose athletes to high volume high intensity loads that are followed by a lower training load
What is overtraining
A syndrome that results when excessive, usually physical, overloads on an athlete occurs without adequate rest
What is staleness
A psychological state of overtraining which manifests as deteriorated athletic readiness
Why does burnout occur? (X4)
Entrapment theory (Radeke) Unidimensional identity development and external control model (Coakley) Negative training stress response model (Silva) Cognitive affective stress model (Smith)
What is entrapment theory?
Burnout occurs in athletes who feel “entrapped” by their sport. They no longer want to participate but feel that they must
What is the unidimensional identity development and external control model?
High performance sport can lead to the development of athletes whose identity is centred around only one aspect of life
High performance sport places athletes in a ‘bubble’ where external figures have control over decisions, rather than themselves
What is the Negative-Training Stress Response Model?
Training puts stress on an athlete physically and psychologically
This can be positive but in excess the response can be negative
What is the Cognitive-Affective Stress Model
4 stages: Situational demands Cognitive appraisal Physiological responses Behavioural responses
2 moderators:
Personality
Motivational factors
In the cognitive- affective stress model, cognitive appraisal can go two ways
Positive = cope
Negative = burnout
Link between perfectionism and burnout
Stress -> burnout
Perfectionism -> stress
Therefore, perfectionism -> burnout
Perfectionism is a multidimensional personality disposition - what are the personal qualities?
Organisation
Personal standards
Concern over mistakes
Doubts about actions
Perfectionism is a multidimensional personality disposition - what are the interpersonal qualities?
Parental expectations
Parental criticism
Frost multidimensional perfectionism scale is a way of assessing what?
To what extent someone is a perfectionist
What are the topics on the Frost-MPS scale? (X6)
Organisation Personal standards Concerns over mistakes Doubts about actions Parental expectations Parental criticism
Burnout in athletic trainers, why?
Often work with multiple teams
With pressure from each individual coach
Burnout in coaches, why?
Pressure to win
Multiple role commitments
Extensive travel
Interventions for burnout
Lots of advice is available, but very little scientific evidence to back it up
Interventions can be either:
Proactive (prevent burnout), or
Reactive (manage burnout)
Name some proactive burnout interventions
Communicate
Set short term goals
Take breaks
Name some reactive interventions for burnout
Take breaks
Recognise what is an optimal amount of ‘pushing’
Balance your sport with other things
What is an athletic injury?
Any injury that results in missed practice or competition, or alters participation
How many match injuries in rugby were there in 2013-2014 (just to put it in perspective)
739 incidents, equates to 62 per club and 1.8 per club per match
Model of stress and athletic injury
Look at slide 11 lecture 6 for this
What are the psychosocial factors that could contribute to injury?
Model of stress and athletic injury
Personality
History of stressors
Coping resources
Individuals that have a history of stressors, personality characteristics that tend to exacerbate the stress response and possess few coping resources are more likely to what?
Get injured
How do athletes think about and respond to stressful situations?
Via cognitive appraisal and physiological/attentional changes
How does physiological changes and cognitive appraisal link?
Cognitive appraisal is where the athlete assesses in their head whether they are able to meet the demands of the situation
Physiological changes are then made in response to that
So if the athlete assesses the situation and feels they can’t handle it, there is a narrowing of peripheral vision for example
How can personality impact injury risk?
Increased risk
Athletes with a Type “A” personality
External locus of control
Perfectionism
High trait anxiety
Are more prone to injury
How can personality impact injury risk?
Decreased risk
Type “B” personality
Internal locus of contour
Positive state of mind
Low trait anxiety
What are the history of stressors that can contribute towards an athlete getting injured?
Life events stress
Daily hassles
Previous injuries
How can life events stress impact an injury of an athlete becoming injured
Athletes with high life stress are 2-5 times more likely to sustain an injury than athletes with low life events stress (Williams, 2001)
What are daily hassles?
Irritating, frustrating demands that occur during everyday transactions with the environment
They are chronic stressors that produce daily wear and tear and increase susceptibility to injury
How can previous injuries impact an athletes likelihood of sustaining another injury?
An athlete recovered to sport when not fully recovered is at greater risk of re-injury
However, the muscle tissue and joint area is not as strong as before due to scar tissue forming
How can daily hassles impact an athletes risk of injury
Fawkner (1999) found that athletes who had a greater “intensity of hassles score” had a higher prevalence of injury
What are two theories related to how previous injury can impact an athletes risk of injury?
Causality theory
Non-causal marker theory
What is causality theory with previous injury?
Inadequate rehab results in incomplete healing and weakness
What is non-causal marker theory with previous injury?
Previous injury is simply a marker for other traits that causes the individual to be at a higher risk of injury in general
What are the coping resources an athlete potentially has that could impact their chance of getting an injury?
General coping behaviours
Social support system
Stress management & mental skills
What are some general coping behaviours that could reduce impact an athletes risk of injury?
Sleeping
Eating well
Meditation/yoga
What social support system could an athlete have that could impact an athletes risk of injury?
Social support system is the presence of others whom we know value and care for us
The quality of the relationship is what is key
Those with a better social support system have a decreased risk of injury
What are stress management and mental skills?
Increasing psychological coping skills is another way to effectively deal with stress and decrease injury risk
How can we help those athletes who are at “high risk” for an injury?
Intervention and prevention (part of the model of stress and athletic injury at bottom)
Modify cognitive appraisal
Modify physical/attentional response
How can you modify cognitive appraisal?
Thinking patterns
Realistic expectations
Fostering a sense of belonging
Optimal coach-athlete communication
How can you modify physical/attentional response?
Relaxation
Mindfulness training
Attentional Control Training (ACT)
Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)
What are possible dangers of being physically but not psychologically ready to return to sport
- Fears (thoughts and images of re-injury)
- Problems with sleeping
What could these possible dangers of being physically but not psychologically ready to return to sport result in?
Re-injury New injury Decreased self confidence Decreased performance Depression
How does the Kubler-Ross Grief Cycle work?
Denial -> Anger -> Depression -> Bargaining -> Acceptance
What are the three factors in Self-Determination Theory?
Autonomy
Competence
Relatedness
When all 3 factors of self-determination theory are fulfilled what does this result in?
Increased likelihood of successful return to sport
In terms of self-determination theory, what do returning athletes experience in terms of the three factors?
Autonomy issues (external and self-induced pressures to return)
Competence issues (re-injury anxieties, concerns about performing to pre-injury standards)
Relatedness issues (feelings of social isolation, lack of social identity)
What are some intervention strategies for autonomy concerns?
Reduce return to sport pressures:
- Intervene on an athletes behalf if notice they are receiving pressure
Foster feelings of personal autonomy:
- Emphasise personal aims and objectives in rehab process
What are some intervention strategies for competence concerns?
Minimise self-presentational concerns:
- Cognitive reframing, shift athlete focus for participation onto intrinsic reasons
Build confidence in performance:
- Set realistic goals
Address re-injury anxieties:
- Modelling - watch videos of formerly injured athletes who overcame their injury
What are some intervention strategies for relatedness concerns?
Ensure athletes stay involved with the sport
Provide social support
(Look on slides if you need more detail, slide 48-54 lecture 6)
What is multidimensional anxiety?
The negative emotional state compromised of feelings of nervousness and worry, and associated with activation or arousal of the body
What is state anxiety?
A temporary, every-changing emotional state of subjective, consciously perceived feeling of apprehension and tension, associated with activation of the autonomic nervous system
What is trait anxiety?
A behavioural disposition to perceive as threatening circumstances that are objectively not dangerous and to then respond with disproportionate state anxiety
What is arousal?
A state of physical and psychological activation
What is stress?
A substantial imbalance between demand and response capability, under conditions where failure to meet the demand has important consequences
What are three components of anxiety?
Mental (cognitive anxiety)
Physical (somatic anxiety)
Behaviour (rushing/poor co-ordination)
What does the competitive state anxiety inventory-2 (CSAI-2) measure? How many items does it contain? What scale does it use?
Measures cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence
Containing 27 items (9 for each subscale)
Likert scale
Do anxiety levels change over time?
Yes
How do anxiety levels change over time?
Hanton (2004) found that 30 minutes before a game, cognitive and somatic anxiety increased, whilst self-confidence decreased
Does experience have an effect on anxiety and confidence?
Mellalieu (2004) found that those with higher levels of experience had lower levels of anxiety
Also found those with higher levels of experience had more confidence
Those with more experience were also better at using (better direction) their anxiety, need it to perform well
Does the type of sport (team or individual) have an impact on confidence and anxiety?
Mellalieu (2004) found that golfers had lower levels of anxiety
Golfers tend to be more confident than rugby players
But golfers deemed their anxiety to be more debilitative and rugby facilitative
However, because we’re in a team there may be people that can actually help me, some may say
What are some symptoms of anxiety?
Frequent need to urinate
Clammy hands
Profuse sweating
Butterflies
What are situational (something to do with the situation) antecedents (causes) of pre-competition anxiety?
Fear of performance failure Fear of negative social evaluation Fear of physical harm Situation ambiguity Disruption of well-learned routine
What are personal (our own personal or individual experiences) antecedents (causes) of pre-competition anxiety?
Competitive trait anxiety
Perfectionism
Goal orientation
What is facilitative and debilitative anxiety?
Facilitative - positive expectancies of ability to cops & goal attainment
Debilitative- negative experiences of ability to cope & goal attainment
Elite athletes are more likely to interpret anxiety as facilitative compared to novices
Athletes who view their anxiety as facilitative often use better coping strategies
Look at Hanton and Jones (1999) study
Lecture 7 slides 38
What are the effects of debilitative anxiety on performance
Serious negative consequences
Cricketer Boswell example
What are some applications of anxiety knowledge in sport?
Icing the kicker (call a timeout just before a crucial kick, possibly disrupt routine) (didn’t really work though)
Home advantage
How can home field advantage impact anxiety?
Reduce anxiety, increase self confidence at home (Terry et al, 1998)
BUT! Playing in front of family and friends may increase anxiety (Bray et al, 2000)
How can team cohesion impact anxiety?
Higher levels of team cohesion is associated with reduced pressure and fewer responsibilities which reduced anxiety
What is Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)
Helps individuals cope with the aftermath of exposure to stressful events and on a preventative basis to help individuals with future and on-going stressors
What are the 3 stages of Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)
- Educational phase
- Skill acquisition and rehearsal
- Application and follow-through
What has research shown about Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)
Mixed results, in some cases it helps individuals in others it does not
What is sports confidence?
The degree of certainty and individual possesses about their ability to be successful in their sport
What is self efficacy?
The confidence we have in specific situations
Belief that one can successfully execute the specific behaviour required to produce the desired outcome
What is mental toughness?
The psychological edge that enables you to cope better than your competitors with the demands of the performance and to remain more determined, focused, confident and in control
What is optimism?
A tendency to expect the best possible outcome or dwell on the most hopeful aspects of a situation
What percentage of athletes associate high levels of confidence with their success?
> 80%
What sort of relationship exists between confidence and performance? (Vealey)
A positive, moderate one
However, you don’t want to become overconfident
What relationship does cognitive anxiety have with performance? (Woodman)
A negative linear relationship
How can low levels of confidence prior to performance impact performance?
Leads to feelings of concern, doubts, negative feelings etc
Leading to the situation to be perceived to be out of performers’ control
Leading to symptoms interpreted as debilitative towards performance
How can high levels of confidence prior to performance impact performance?
Leads to positive thoughts, feelings, recall previous good performances
Leading to the situation being perceived as under the performers’ control
Leading to the situation being interpreted as facilitative towards performance
How can you measure sports confidence?
Task-specific self-efficacy measures
Sport-specific confidence measures
Qualitative and idiographic measures
Where does confidence come from?
Preparation (physically and mentally)
What are the four factors that can influence self efficacy?
- Previous accomplishments.
- Vicarious experiences.
- Verbal persuasion
- Emotional arousal
In banduras model of self efficacy (1977/1997) what is performance accomplishments?
Previous success, for example previously you have never missed a penalty
In banduras model of self efficacy (1977/1997) what is vicarious experiences?
This could be seeing a teammate who you perceive to be just as good as you scoring a penalty giving you more confidence as you think well if they can do it so can I
In banduras model of self efficacy (1977/1997) what is verbal persuasion?
It could be praise from a coach or teammate, positive reinforcement. For example, you whack a penalty top bin and your coach says great penalty
In banduras model of self efficacy (1977/1997) what is emotional arousal?
The evaluation the performer makes of their psychological state
What are the 3 P’s of the optimistic mindset?
Personalisation
Pervasiveness
Permanence
In the 3 P’s of optimisation what does personalisation mean?
Making internal attributions for successes and external attributions for failures
In the 3 P’s of optimisation what does pervasiveness mean?
Making global attributions for successes and specific attributions for failures
In the 3 P’s of optimisation what does permanence mean?
Making stable attributions for successes and unstable attributions for failures
What is Mental Skills Training?
The use of self talk, mental rehearsal, cognitive thought stopping and cognitive restructuring to improve self confidence
What is self talk?
Anytime you think about something, you are in a sense talking to yourself
What is self-statement-orientated?
What people say to themselves either out loud or as a small voice inside their head
What are three tools for identifying self-talk?
Retrospection - reflecting on good and bad performances
Imagery - useful for athletes experience in imagery
Written/audio log - useful for athletes with poor recollection and/or imagery skills
What are three factors to consider when identifying your self talk?
The where (at home?) The when (the tunnel) The who (teammates/family)
What is positive self talk?
Helps a player to stay appropriately focused on the present, not dwelling on past mistakes or projecting too far into the future
What is positive self-talk thought to do?
Enhance performance by triggering desired actions through proper attentional focus, correct technique and strategy execution
When can you use positive self talk?
To change bad habits For attention control For creating a mood (affect) For changing affect To control effort Building self-confidence Building self-efficacy
What is negative self-talk?
Self-talk that gets in the way because it is inappropriate, irrational, counterproductive, or anxiety-producing
What can negative self-talk result in?
Overestimate demands
Underestimate abilities
Anticipate failure
Overplay its significance
How can you control negative self-talk?
Thought stoppage
Negative-positive thought coupling
Countering
Reframing
How does thought stoppage work (controlling negative self-talk)
Users triggers to interrupt or stop undesirable thoughts
Can be words or physical actions
How does negative-positive thought coupling work? (Controlling negative self talk)
Alternatively, self-defeating thoughts can be couple with self-enhancing thoughts
The last sentence in a string of sentences should be positive
How does countering work? (controlling negative self-talk)
An internal dialogue that refutes the underlying reason by using facts/figures to support argument
How does reframing work? (Controlling negative self-talk)
Reframed negative statements into positives
What has research shown about self talk (Tod et al., (2011))
Those who can use it successfully tend to show an increase in quality of performance
Why does burnout occur? (Theories)
Entrapment theory (Raedeke,1997)
Unidimensional Identity Development and External Control Model (Coakley, 1992)
Negative-Training Stress Response Model (Silva, 1990)
Cognitive-Affective Stress Model (Smith, 1986)
What are general coping behaviours?
Sleep
Eating well
Meditation
What are antecedents (causes) of pre-comp anxiety? (Situational)
Fear of performance failure
Fear of negative social evaluation
Fear of physical harm
What are antecedents (causes) of pre-comp anxiety? (Personal)
Competitive trait anxiety
Goal orientation
Perfectionism
What are the uses of positive self talk?
Skill acq and performance Changing bad habits Attention control Creating affect Changing affect Controlling effect Build self confidence Build self efficacy
