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Sports Science - Psychology > Lectures 1-4 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is exercise psychology concerned with?

A

Application of psychology to increase exercise participation and motivational levels in the general public

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2
Q

What is health psychology?

A

Use knowledge of psychology and health to promote general well-being

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3
Q

Definition of well-being

A

The state of being comfortable healthy or happy

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4
Q

What is positive mental health

A

Not just absence of mental health problems but ability to learn cope, form and maintain good relationships

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5
Q

How can mental well-being and mental health be improved

A

Participation in physical activity

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6
Q

What did reed and buck (2000) show about the relationship between regular aerobic exercise and mood

A

More exercise = better mood

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7
Q

Self esteem definition

A

Refers to our feelings of self with and how we value ourselves

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8
Q

What has been shown about the relationship between self esteem and physical activity?

A

The more physically active someone is, the better their self esteem tends to be.

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9
Q

With self esteem and physical activity, what should you set to give the individual a sense of achievement?

A

Achievable goals, so that feelings of success can be gained

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10
Q

What % of adolescents and children have mental disorders or problems

A

20%

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11
Q

What are the two systems for classification and diagnosis of mental health disorders?

A

DSM-5

ICD-11

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12
Q

What is the link between exercise and depression

A

Exercise is effective as a treatment for depression

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13
Q

Five areas assessment model (Williams 2001) identifies 5 domains that can show whether someone is experience a mental health issue potentially

A 
Life situation, relationships 
Altered thinking 
Altered emotions
Altered physical feelings
Altered behaviour or activity levels
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14
Q

Who created the Transtheoretical model? And when?

A

Prochaska and DiClemente (1983)

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15
Q

How many stages are there in the transtheoretical model?

A

5

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16
Q

What are the five stages of the transtheoretical model?

A
  1. Pre-contemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance
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17
Q

What does the transtheoretical model assess?

A

An individuals readiness to act on a new healthier behaviour

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18
Q

How can we get someone to move through the stages of the transtheoretical model?

A

Self efficacy
Decisional balance
Processes of change

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19
Q

What is the first stage in the transtheoretical model and what is going on in that stage?

A

Precontemplation

  • not intending to make any changes
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20
Q

What is the second stage in the transtheoretical model and what is going on in that’s stage

A

Contemplation

  • considering a change
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21
Q

What is the third stage of the transtheoretical model and what is going on in this stage?

A

Preparation

  • making small changes
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22
Q

What is the fourth stage of the transtheoretical model and what is going on in this stage?

A

Action

  • actively engaging in a new behaviour
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23
Q

What is the fifth stage of the transtheoretical model and what is going on in this stage?

A

Maintenance

  • sustaining the change over a period of time - 6 months +
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24
Q

What is termination?

A

The point whereby individuals are no longer tempted to revert to their previous unhealthy behaviours

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25
What is relapse?
Where an individual deteriorates to previous stages after progressing forwards
26
What are the processes of change? (X6) (the cognitive ones) and what do they mean?
``` Cognitive processes Increasing knowledge Being aware of risks Caring about consequences to others Increasing healthy alternatives Understanding the benefits ```
27
What are cognitive processes? When talking about the processes of change? And where would they be used in the transtheoretical model?
Mental, psychological, our thinking | They would be used in pre-contemplation and contemplation
28
What are the processes of change? (X5) (the behavioural ones) and what do they mean?
``` Substituting alternatives Enlisting support Rewarding yourself Committing yourself Reminding yourself ```
29
With substitute alternatives as a behavioural process of time, many people find barriers of time, how can you overcome this?
Go through their schedule to find times where they are able to exercise
30
What are the essentials for moving from stage to stage?
Motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) Self efficacy Decisional balance
31
Factors that effect self efficacy
Previous performance (past experiences) Vicarious experience (observing others we think are just as good as us) Social persuasion Emotional arousal Imaginal experience (not in Banduras model)
32
What does HAPA stand for?
The Health Action Process Approach
33
What are the two phases of HAPA?
Motivational - intending to act | Volitional - moving from intention to behaviour
34
With HAPA, when individuals commit themselves to intention to exercise what stage do they begin?
The volitional phase
35
With HAPA, if an individual has high intention to but is still not performing the behaviour they are said to be where?
The intention-behaviour gap
36
With HAPA, once an individual starts exercising, how can this be maintained?
Through SMART goal setting
37
What is protection motivation theory? (Rodgers, 1983)
General theory of persuasive communication, with an emphasis on the cognitive processes mediating behavioural change
38
With Protection Motivation theory, what does it explain and what does it offer
Why people engage in unhealthy practices | Offers suggestions for changing those behaviours
39
With protection motivation theory, it describes adaptive and maladaptive coping to a health threat as a result of two appraisal processes
Threat appraisal and cognitive appraisal
40
With PMT, what is threat appraisal
Focusses on the source of the threat and factors that increase or decrease likelihood of maladaptive behaviours (Assesses the severity of the situation and examines how serious it is)
41
With PMT, what does coping appraisal refer to?
How one responds to the situation
42
With PMT, the intention to protect one’s self depends upon four factors
1. Perceived severity - of a threatened event (threat appraisal) 2. Perceived vulnerability - of the individual; probability of the occurrence (threat appraisal) 3. Perceived response efficacy - efficacy of the recommended preventive behaviour (coping appraisal) 4. Perceived self-efficacy - level of confidence in one’s ability to undertake the recommended preventive behaviour (coping appraisal)
43
With PMT, the appraisal of the health threat and the appraisal of the coping responses result in the intention to perform what?
Adaptive responses (protection motivation) or maladaptive responses
44
What are maladaptive responses?
Those that place an individual at health risk
45
What are health impairing habits?
Behavioural pathogens (e.g. smoking and alcohol use)
46
What are health protective behaviours
Behavioural immunogenicity (e.g. sleep, attending a health check
47
What are health inequalities?
Differences between people or groups due to social, geographic, biological or other factors (people who are worse off tend to experience poorer health)
48
What are the types of physical activity? (X4)
Sport Exercise Play Daily physical activity
49
Definition of sport
Structured and competitive physical activity
50
Definition of exercise
Planned and purposive physical activity to improve fitness, health or performance
51
Definition of play
Unstructured physical activity, done for fun and enjoyment
52
Definition of daily physical activity
Physical activity which is done as part of one’s daily routine - gardening, housework, and walking
53
PA can reduce risk of?
Dementia (by 30%) Depression (by 30%) Breast cancer (by 20%)
54
Definition of physical inactivity
A state in which bodily movement is minimal and energy expenditure approximates the resting metabolic rate
55
Who is physical activity important for?
All ages
56
As age increases, what happens to PA levels
Decreases
57
How much exercise is needed to produce those positive effects on mental health?
Even a brief 10 min walk is good For long-term benefits - exercise 3 times a week for 30 minute sessions at moderate intensity Programs longer than 10 weeks work best for reducing symptoms of depression
58
How to increase long term adherence and predicting maintenance? (X5)
``` Goal setting (maintain PA) Self motivation (maintain PA) Self efficacy (maintain PA) Physical activity environment (maintain/predict maintenance of PA) Life stress (maintain/predict maintenance of PA) ```
59
Fjeldsoe et al. (2011) found only 35% of 157 studies included any maintenance data, what is needed then to assess what techniques are better for maintenance?
More longitudinal studies
60
What are the three categories of the behaviour change wheel? (Michie et al., 2011)
Sources of behaviour Intervention functions Policy categories
61
How can the behaviour change wheel be applied? (X5)
Behavioural diagnosis Intervention strategy selection Implementation strategy selection Selection of specific behaviour change techniques
62
What are the UK PA guidelines for 5-18-year-olds:
At least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) every day
63
It is generally acknowledged that children are not as active as they should be, what do figures indicate about the amount of children meeting the guidelines
Less than 50% meet the guidelines and boys spend more time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)
64
Farooq et al. (2017) conducted the Gateshead Millennium Cohort Study, how many pp did he use? For how long? And what ages?
545 pp For 5-7 days 7,9,12 and 15-year-old
65
What motivates young children to get involved in PA? (Allender et al 2006)
Experimentation Unusual activities Parental support Safe environment
66
What are considered barriers to young children participating in PA (Allender et al 2006)
Competitive sports | Highly structured activities
67
What motivates teenagers and young women to get involved in PA (Allender et al 2006)
``` Body shape Weight management New social networks Family support Peer support ```
68
What are barriers to teenagers and young women participating in PA? (Allender et al 2006)
``` Negative experiences at school Peer pressure Identity conflict PE uniforms Boys dominance in class Competitive classes Lack of teacher support ```
69
Name some primary school interventions
Be smart (5-7 year olds) Apples (7-11 year olds) Sport for LIFE (8-9 year olds) GreatFun2Run (7-11 year olds)
70
It is predicted that by what year 1.5 million people will be 80+ in the U.K?
2040
71
What makes a good intervention?
``` Based on research/theory Affordable Practical Effective Acceptable Safe and equitable ```
72
What are informational interventions?
Web-based programme of lessons Personalised information regarding one’s level of risk for chronic diseases Advertising
73
Name an example of an intervention and what it aims to do
This girl can Aims to increase female participation in sport
74
How can social support be given to help people exercise?
Exercise in a group From a significant other Social media
75
What are behavioural interventions?
``` Reinforcement Goal setting Contracts Client profiling Self-monitoring ```
76
The transtheoretical model focusses on what? | HAPA focusses on what?
TTM focusses on how and when HAPA focusses on the distinction between
77
What are the factors that influence healthy behaviours (could be a question in the exam)
Peers Media Environment

Sports Science - Psychology (3 decks)

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