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Sports Science - Psychology > Lecture 9-11 > Flashcards

Lecture 9-11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is imagery?

A

The “central pillar of applied sport psychology”

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2
Q

Do elite/more successful athletes use imagery more than non-elite less successful athletes?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Definition of imagery

A

Imagining yourself in a situation that mimics real life, feeling movements as an image

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4
Q

How does it mimic real experience?

A

By functional equivalence = shared central neural activity patterning (particularly motor areas)

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5
Q

In imagery what is perception without sensation?

A

Imagining senses like smell, sound, taste etc

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6
Q

Why does imagery work?

A

Increase motivation
Increases confidence
Increases focus
Enables learning

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7
Q

What is behavioural matching?

A

Motor imagery interventions should stimulate, as clearly as possible, all aspects of a participants’ execution situations; especially the sensation associated with relevant movements and their subsequent emotional impact

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8
Q

Implications for imagery use

A

Use imagery as a supplement for physical practice
Imagery can be used as a substitute for some amounts of physical practice when needed
Imagery should be matched as closely as possible to the actual skill-learning environment

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9
Q

What does PETTLEP stand for?

A 
Physical 
Environment 
Task
Timing
Learning
Emotion
Perspective
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10
Q

Imagery - PETTLEP - Physical

A

Make the imagery experience match the physical experience as much as possible
‘Physical’ is the most important component and the one best supported by research

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11
Q

Imagery - PETTLEP- Environmental

A

Where is the imagery performed?

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12
Q

Imagery - PETTLEP - Task

A

Key components of the task need to be imaged

But these are specific to ability level and individual preferences

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13
Q

Imagery - PETTLEP - Timing

A

Most effective when it corresponds to actual movement time

Particularly when timing is an important element of the task

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14
Q

Imagery - PETTLEP - Learning

A

Imagery should change with learning and practice

As such, imagery content should match the current stage of learning

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15
Q

Imagery - PETTLEP - Emotion

A

Include appropriate emotions in imaging

Imaging inappropriateemotions may have a debilitative effect on subsequent performance

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16
Q

Imagery - PETTLEP - Perspective

A

Internal perspective:
- involves athletes seeing themselves from inside their body looking out.

External perspective:
- involves athletes seeing themselves from outside their body like on video

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17
Q

Imagery - PETTLEP - Persepctive research

A

Many athletes have a ‘natural’ perspective that they use, but will often switch depending upon the task/scenario being imaged

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18
Q

What has PETTLEP research found? (Smith et al 2007)

A

That sport-specific imagery group works the best

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19
Q

PETTLEP approach to rehabilitation imagery

2X2 analytical framework

A

Seeing ourself perform the skill

Strategy, routines, planning of what they’re doing

Seeing ourself achieve our goals

Try and control our emotions

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20
Q

Imagery function - cognitive specific

A

Skill development

Skill execution

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21
Q

What did Savoy (1996) find would happen if imagery was removed from training programmes?

A

That harmful effects may occur

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22
Q

What different functions can imagery have?

A 
Cognitive specific
Cognitive general
Motivation specific
Motivation general - arousal
Motivation general - mastery
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23
Q

Imagery function - cognitive general

A

Strategy development

Strategy execution

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24
Q

imagery function - Motivational specific

A

Outcome

Process

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25
Q

Imagery function - motivational general - arousal

A

Excitement
Control
Relaxation

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26
Q

Imagery function - motivational general - mastery

A

Mental toughness
Focus
Confidence
Staying positive

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27
Q

What is imagery ability?

A

An individuals capability to form vivid, controllable images and retain them for sufficient time to effect the desired imagery rehearsal

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28
Q

What are the key dimensions of imagery ability?

A 
Vividness
Controllability 
Accuracy
Duration
Ease
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29
Q

Who tends to be better at imagery ability, young or old?

A

Young people

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30
Q

Definition of concentration?

A

A persons ability to exert deliberate mental effort on what is most important in any given situation

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31
Q

Definition of attention?

A

The taking possession of one out of what seems several simultaneously possible objects, it implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others

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32
Q

Definition of focus?

A

The phenomenon of attending to particular internal and external cues that positively or negatively influence athletic performance

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33
Q

What are four aspects of concentration?

A

Focusing on relevant environmental cues
Maintaining attentional focus
Maintaining situational awareness
Shifting attentional focus

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34
Q

Types of attention (look at slide 8 lecture 10 for diagram)

A

Broad narrow

External
/\
|
\/
Internal
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35
Q

Concentration grid research as a method of assessing focus

A

Not really relevant to sport

Better example of research is showing the footballers a short video and getting them to identify which striker is the first to ‘lose’ his marker

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36
Q

What are the principles of effective concentration?

A

Requires mental effort -> conscious focus on only one thought -> directed towards specific, relevant, & controllable actions -> future, uncontrollable, and irrelevant thought = loss of concentration-> can be effected by anxiety

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37
Q

What external distractions can cause you to “lose” (not lost just misdirected) your concentration?

A

Ambient noise, gamesmanship, unpredictable weather/surface conditions

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38
Q

What internal distractions can cause you to “lose” (not lost just misdirected) your concentration?

A

Worries, thinking about future/past and/or irrelevant feelings

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39
Q

Definition of selective attention

A

Where relevant information is filtered through into STM and irrelevant information is discarded

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40
Q

What is inattentional blindness?

A

When attention is diverted to another object or task, observers often fail to perceive an unexpected object even if it appears at fixation

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41
Q

What is change blindness?

A

Failing to notice large changes to objects or scenes from one view to the next, particularly if the objects are not the centre of interest in the scene

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42
Q

How can you measure concentration? (Psychometric approach)

A

Using the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS) inventory

43
Q

What are the different scales for TAIS inventory?

A 
Awareness
External distractibility 
Analytical/conceptual
Internal distractibility 
Actions/focussed
Reduced flexibility
44
Q

What does the awareness scale for TAIS inventory relate to?

A

Sensitivity to non-verbal and environmental cues

45
Q

What does the external distractibility scale for TAIS inventory relate to?

A

Responsivity to task irrelevant external cues

46
Q

What does the analytical/conceptual scale for TAIS inventory relate to?

A

Ability to think strategically, analyse, and plan

47
Q

What does the internal distractibility scale for TAIS inventory relate to?

A

Distraction by feelings or thoughts

48
Q

What does the action/focussed scale for TAIS inventory relate to?

A

Attention to detail, concern with quality

49
Q

What does the reduced flexibility scale for TAIS inventory relate to?

A

Failure to shift attention to relevant cues

50
Q

How can you measure concentration? (Neuroscientific approach)

A

Heart rate - decreases when we are concentrating
Electro-encephalography (EEG) - increase in alpha activity in left hemisphere when concentrating
Brain imaging - shift from verbally-based left hemisphere to visuospatially focused right hemisphere just prior to shooting performance

51
Q

How can you measure concentration? (Dual task paradigms)

A

Pp perform two tasks simultaneously and compare performance under single-task conditions

If the performance is worse under dual-task conditions, then the two tasks must interfere with each other

52
Q

What are some concentration strategies?

A

Simulation training
Self talk
Imagery

53
Q

What is the simulation training strategy? (Concentration strategy)

A

Recreate competitive atmosphere in practice

Practice with competition-specific distractions

54
Q

What is the self talk strategy? (Concentration strategy)

A

Staying focused on appropriate things (“eyes on the ball”)

Refocusing after distractions (“focus”)

55
Q

What is the imagery strategy? (Concentration strategy)

A

Preview staying focused on different situations

Rehearse focusing after distractions

56
Q

What is the relationship between video games and selective attention?

A

Research (Green and Bavelier 2003) has shown that video game players, tend to have better selective attention than non-video game players
Also that through the use of video games peoples attention improves

57
Q

What is a pre performance routine?

A

A set pattern of physical and/or mental activities carried out immediately prior to performance with the purpose of aiding that performance

58
Q

How can a pre-performance routine help with attentional control?

A

Diverts attention from task-irrelevant cues to task relevant-cues

59
Q

What is the 5-step strategy for pre-performance routines?

A

Readying -> imaging -> focusing external attention -> executing with a quiet mind -> evaluating -> feedback for next attempt

60
Q

With a pre-performance routine what is more important?

Consistent duration or
Consistent behaviours

A

Lonsdale & Tam (2007) showed that basketball players were 12% more successful with free throws if the pre-performance routine involves consistent behaviours

61
Q

What is it called when someone underperforms due to pressure?

A

Choking

62
Q

What is it called when someone becomes better under pressure?

A

Clutch

63
Q

What is the definition of choking?

A

A significant decline in athletic performance under pressurised conditions

64
Q

What conditions can lead to choking?

A

Physical changes

Attentional changes (mainly attentional (may lose focus of what we need to focus on and start thinking about the fact a scout is watching us))

65
Q

What is the definition of clutch?

A

Any performance increment or superior performance that occurs under pressurised circumstances

66
Q

Is clutch common?

A

It is very rare (so rare that analysis of statistics say that some people may just not choke because so few people show improvements under pressure)

67
Q

What are the four key aspects of concentration?

A

Selective attention
Maintaining attentional focus
Situation awareness
Shifting attentional focus

68
Q

What is the leadership perspective? (Leadership and group cohesion lecture)

A

Coach -> athlete

69
Q

What is the relationship perspective? (Leadership and group cohesion lecture)

A

Coach athlete

70
Q

What is the definition of the leadership perspective?

A

The behavioural process of influencing individuals and groups toward set goals

71
Q

What is the definition of the relationship perspective?

A

The situation in which coaches’ and athletes’ emotions, thoughts, and behaviours are mutually and causally inter-connected

72
Q

What are the qualities of a leader?

A

Providing direction
Motivating
Decision making
Giving feedback

73
Q

What are the qualities of a manager?

A

Organising
Scheduling
Budgeting
Recruiting

74
Q

What is a prescribed leader?

A

A leader appointed by someone of authority (a football manager)

75
Q

What is an emergent leader?

A

Someone who emerges from within the group through hard work

76
Q

What is a relationship-oriented leader?

A

Focus is on developing and maintaining good interpersonal relationships

77
Q

What is a task-oriented leader?

A

Focus is on setting goals and getting the job done

78
Q

When would a relationship-oriented leader be best?

A

Moderately-favourable conditions (going for promotion)

Highly-skilled players

79
Q

When would a task-orientated leader be best?

A

Very-favourable or unfavourable conditions (relegation)

Less-skilled players

80
Q

What is better? Relationship-oriented leaders / task-oriented leaders?

A

Depends on the situation?

Might need a bit of both

81
Q

Look at Chelladurais multidimensional model of leadership in pe text book

A

7 parts, quite tricky this one, the more parts that agree, the better

82
Q

What are the top five confidence enhancing techniques used by coaches?

A
  1. The coach acting confident
  2. Enhance performance through instruction drilling
  3. Set specific goals
  4. Encourage positive talk
  5. Verbally persuade
83
Q

How do team captains who are high in confidence behave? (Fransen study)

A

Encourage teammates, reacted enthusiastically to successful shots, encouraging body language, positive language

84
Q

How do team captains who are low in confidence behave? (Fransen study)

A

No encouragement to teammates, reacted angrily to unsuccessful shots, discouraging body language, demoralising language

85
Q

What did Fransen find about how the overall level of confidence after the test session?

A

Those who had a high team confidence expression by team leader had significantly higher confidence
Compared to those with a low team confidence expression by team leader

86
Q

What do Fransens findings tell us?

A

The level of perceived team confidence expressed by team leaders transfer to the confidence of team members
Team members adapt to the perceived confidence standards set by the team leader more when they identify more strongly with the team

87
Q

What are some ethical issues in leadership, related to power and authority?

A

Sexual harassment
Pressure to conform to ideal weight and body image
Racial discrimination and other prejudices

88
Q

What are some ethical issues in leadership, related to exploitation?

A

“Ticket to the big time”

Don’t really get it

89
Q

What is a team?

A

A group of people who must interact with each other to accomplish shared objectives

90
Q

What are parts of every successful team?

A

Collective sense of identity
Distinctive roles
Structured modes of communication
Norms

91
Q

What are the theories of group development?

A

Linear theories
Cyclical theories
Pendular theories

92
Q

LOOK IN PE GROUP

A

FOR GROUP STUFF

93
Q

What are linear theories?

A 
Forming 
Storming
Morning
Performing
(Adjourning?)
94
Q

What are cyclical theories?

A

Group starts
Group blossoms (where success is achieved) (people then move on to other challenges)
Group dies

95
Q

What are pendular theories?

A 
Orientation 
Differentiation and conflict
Resolution and cohesion 
Differentiation and conflict
Termination
96
Q

What is cohesion?

A

A dynamic process, reflected in the tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in pursuit of its objectives and/or the satisfaction of member affective needs

97
Q

What is task cohesion?

A

The degree to which group members work together to achieve common goals and objectives

98
Q

What is task and social cohesion?

A

Reflects the interpersonal attraction among group members

99
Q

What is the conceptual model of cohesion?

A

That group cohesion is affected by:

Environmental factors
Personal factors
Team factors
Leadership factors

100
Q

What are environmental factors in the conceptual model of cohesion?

A

Size of group
Level of competition
Age
Proximity

101
Q

What are personal factors in the conceptual model of cohesion?

A

Demographic attributes
Cognitions and motives
Behaviour

102
Q

What are leadership factors in the conceptual model of cohesion?

A

Whether they are leadership-oriented or task-oriented

If they are clear, consistent, unambiguous -> leads to team goals, team tasks, individual roles

103
Q

What are team factors in the conceptual model of cohesion?

A

Team stability and desire for success
Shared experiences
Collective efficacy and group productivity

104
Q

What is leadership?

A

The behavioural process of influencing individuals and groups toward set goals

Sports Science - Psychology (3 decks)

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