Lecture 9-11 Flashcards
What is imagery?
The “central pillar of applied sport psychology”
Do elite/more successful athletes use imagery more than non-elite less successful athletes?
Yes
Definition of imagery
Imagining yourself in a situation that mimics real life, feeling movements as an image
How does it mimic real experience?
By functional equivalence = shared central neural activity patterning (particularly motor areas)
In imagery what is perception without sensation?
Imagining senses like smell, sound, taste etc
Why does imagery work?
Increase motivation
Increases confidence
Increases focus
Enables learning
What is behavioural matching?
Motor imagery interventions should stimulate, as clearly as possible, all aspects of a participants’ execution situations; especially the sensation associated with relevant movements and their subsequent emotional impact
Implications for imagery use
Use imagery as a supplement for physical practice
Imagery can be used as a substitute for some amounts of physical practice when needed
Imagery should be matched as closely as possible to the actual skill-learning environment
What does PETTLEP stand for?
Physical Environment Task Timing Learning Emotion Perspective
Imagery - PETTLEP - Physical
Make the imagery experience match the physical experience as much as possible
‘Physical’ is the most important component and the one best supported by research
Imagery - PETTLEP- Environmental
Where is the imagery performed?
Imagery - PETTLEP - Task
Key components of the task need to be imaged
But these are specific to ability level and individual preferences
Imagery - PETTLEP - Timing
Most effective when it corresponds to actual movement time
Particularly when timing is an important element of the task
Imagery - PETTLEP - Learning
Imagery should change with learning and practice
As such, imagery content should match the current stage of learning
Imagery - PETTLEP - Emotion
Include appropriate emotions in imaging
Imaging inappropriateemotions may have a debilitative effect on subsequent performance
Imagery - PETTLEP - Perspective
Internal perspective:
- involves athletes seeing themselves from inside their body looking out.
External perspective:
- involves athletes seeing themselves from outside their body like on video
Imagery - PETTLEP - Persepctive research
Many athletes have a ‘natural’ perspective that they use, but will often switch depending upon the task/scenario being imaged
What has PETTLEP research found? (Smith et al 2007)
That sport-specific imagery group works the best
PETTLEP approach to rehabilitation imagery
2X2 analytical framework
Seeing ourself perform the skill
Strategy, routines, planning of what they’re doing
Seeing ourself achieve our goals
Try and control our emotions
Imagery function - cognitive specific
Skill development
Skill execution
What did Savoy (1996) find would happen if imagery was removed from training programmes?
That harmful effects may occur
What different functions can imagery have?
Cognitive specific Cognitive general Motivation specific Motivation general - arousal Motivation general - mastery
Imagery function - cognitive general
Strategy development
Strategy execution
imagery function - Motivational specific
Outcome
Process