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Human Physiology And Practical Skills > Lectures 4-7 > Flashcards

Lectures 4-7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

It is an integrated system providing active muscles with a continuous stream of nutrients and oxygen, and removal of metabolic by-products

Clotting stops bleeding
Protects body against disease and infection
Transports hormones to target cells and organs
Helps regulate body temperature

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2
Q

Heart structure

What is the pericardium

A

Tight membrane sac that encloses the myocardium

Contains some fluid - allowing it to protect the heart muscle from friction

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3
Q

Heart structure

What is the epicardium

A

The outside layer of the heart

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4
Q

Heart structure

What is the endocardium

A

The inside layer of the heart

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5
Q

Heart structure

What is the myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle

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6
Q

What is the cardiac cycle made up of?

A

Systole (0.3s) and diastole (0.5s)

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7
Q

What is systole

A

Ventricular contraction

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8
Q

What is diastole

A

Ventricular relaxation

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9
Q

What is end systolic volume?

A

Volume of blood in ventricles at end of systole

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10
Q

What is strike volume

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

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11
Q

What is end diastolic volume?

A

Volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole

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12
Q

Conducting system pathway

A

SA nose -> AV mode -> Bundle of HIS -> purkinje fibres

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13
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by any fluid

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14
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Force exerted by the blood on surrounding tissues

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15
Q

Resistance of the cardiovascular system is impacted by what?

A

Viscosity of blood

Length of blood vessels

Radius of blood vessels

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16
Q

What is the equation for blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

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17
Q

What is the equation for mean arterial pressure

A

= diastolic BP + (0.333 (systolic - diastolic BP))

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18
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

Q = HR x SV

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19
Q

Factors affecting blood pressure

A

Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance

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20
Q

Factors affecting HR

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system (nervous system)

Epinephrine (hormonal)

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21
Q

Factors affecting stroke volume

A

Sympathetic nerves and epinephrine
End diastolic volume
Afterload

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22
Q

Without any activation of parasympathetic or sympathetic nerve pathway, what would HR be?

A

100bpm

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23
Q

Factors affecting total peripheral resistance

A

Blood viscosity

Arterial radius

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24
Q

Factors affecting the arterial radius

A

Local controls

Hormones

Sympathetic nerves

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25
Q

Look at PowerPoint slide 33 cardiovascular system for

A

Homeostasis BP (acute)

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26
Q

Look at recap 1:02:32 in

A

PowerPoint slide 34 for grey arrows to help

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27
Q

During exercise when we want to increase HR how do the nervous systems behave? And how does the hormonal system act?

A

Parasympathetic decreases
Sympathetic increase
Adrenaline is released

Continues to increase and plateaus at max

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28
Q

Stroke volume response to exercise

A

Increases in like with exercise intensity and the plateaus at 40-60% of max intensity

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29
Q

Factors that influence stroke volume

A

Hormone (adrenaline) released

Frank-Starling Law, greater preload

Activity of sympathetic nervous system is greater

SV is higher

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30
Q

What is Starlings law

A 
During exercise:
Greater venous return
Greater diastolic filling
Cardiac muscle is stretched further
Resulting in a more powerful contraction
Increasing the ejection fraction
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31
Q

What is the vascular shunt

A

The redistribution of Q during exercise

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32
Q

How blood pressure is effected during exercise

A

Systolic increases as cardiac output increase, greater blood flow means greater pressure

Diastolic won’t change because that’s during relaxation when the ventricles are filling so it shouldn’t really change much

Therefore, mean arterial pressure undergoes very modest changes because systolic increases, but because of vasodilation there is decreases resistance

Changes are small as systolic and diastolic balance each other out

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33
Q

What is inflammation?

A

A complex and dynamic, physiological tissue response to harmful stimuli e.g., infection, injury and cell damage/death

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34
Q

What does inflammation do?

A

Restrict damage or infection to a localised area

Remove the causative agent and damaged tissue

Allow immune cells and molecules access to the site

Initiated repair of damaged tissue

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35
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Redness
Swelling
Pain
Heat

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36
Q

What is the innate/non-specific immune response

A

Do not have memory, inherited, same for everybody, what were born with
Response is rapid
First line of response
Can not recognise a specific virus or bacteria
Most immune cells are phagocytes, just swallow up damaged cells/viruses/bacteria

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37
Q

What is the specific/adaptive/acquired immune response

A

Based on memory and previous exposures
Different person to person dependent upon what they faced in the past
Slower response
Works by antigen recognition
Lymphocytes are the key groups of cells in this system

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38
Q

What is the activated function of a neutrophil?

A

Activation of bactericidal mechanisms

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39
Q

What is the activated function of macrophages

A

Antigen presentation

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40
Q

What are cytokines and chemokines and where are they important?

A

They are proteins that act as chemical messengers to tell the body something isn’t right

They are the first thing to identify something is wrong

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41
Q

So that inflammation doesn’t go over the top, what is used to make sure it doesn’t go over the top?

A

Anti-inflammattory cytokines

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42
Q

What do cytokines/chemokines activate?

A

Mast cells

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43
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Activate a number of chemical mediators that orchestrate the inflammatory response

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44
Q

What happens after mast cells signal for more chemical mediators?

A

Cell walls widen and blood flow increases

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45
Q

What happens after the blood vessel vasodilates?

A

The cell walls become more permeable and fluid leaks into the damaged area

This is called Exudation

46
Q

What happens after the cell wall becomes more permeable and fluid leaks into the damaged area

A

White blood cells (particularly the neutrophils) adhere too and roll along the cell walls

This is called margination

47
Q

What happens after margination

A

White blood cells then emigrate through the cell wall to the damaged area to limit damage from the harmful stimuli

This is called emigration

48
Q

The acquired system can be split into two different parts, what are they?

A

Humoral immune response

Cell-mediated immune response

49
Q

What is the difference between the humoral immune response and the cell mediated immune response within the acquired system?

A

The humoral response works via antigen recognition

50
Q

Which white blood cells are the ones that actually recognise the antigens? And bind to it

A

B-cells

51
Q

What happens when a B-cell recognised an antigen?

A

It replicates itself

52
Q

What can happen to B-cells after they replicate after they recognise an antigen?

A

Some become effector cells - basically means they destroy something

Some become memory cells (stay in body and remember future pathogens

53
Q

What does the cell mediated response involve?

A

T-cells

54
Q

Which immune response is the last line of defence when all others have failed?

A

The cell mediated response within the acquired response

55
Q

How does the cell mediated response work?

A

Macrophages engulf pathogens then show the antigens on their surface
T cells then recognise these on the edge of the surface
The T cells then react based on what their function is

56
Q

What are the different types of T cells?

A

Killer T cells - directly destroy antigens
Helper T cells - stimulate or ask for help to get more killer T cells
Suppressor T cells - suppress killer T cells if they get a bit above their station
Memory T cells - may keep in case in the future the antigen comes back

57
Q

Does exercise initiate an inflammatory response?

A

Yes

58
Q

What is exercise induce muscle damage (EIMD)?

A

Small micro tears in the muscle that increase muscle pain and reduce muscle function

59
Q

How do neutrophils effect exercise induced muscle damage

A

Neutrophils come and remove debris of damaged cells after exercise

60
Q

What can prolonged strenuous exercise actually cause in terms of the immune response lecture

A

Risk or infection (evidence is not consistent though)

61
Q

Exercise causes an increase in neutrophils but also causes a decrease in what?

A

Lymphocytes

62
Q

What is acute/classic inflammation?

A

Infection, injury, cell death that is resolved within a few days or weeks depending on the nature of the infection

63
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

Where the inflammatory response is unresolved, often caused by a sedentary life, stress, obesity, disease progression

64
Q

Look at video for revision

A

Slide 43 on the immunity lecture and also the questions

65
Q

How many energy systems are there?

A

3

66
Q

What are the 3 energy systems?

A

ATP/PC system

Glycolytic system

Aerobic system

67
Q

Learn energy systems from book

A

Page 34 in PE textbook

68
Q

Why do we wait until the last minute to measure VO2 max?

A

So that we know the VO2 we’re measuring reflects the demands of the exercise

69
Q

What is Ficks Equation?

A

VO2 max = cardiac output x a-vO2 difference

70
Q

Definition of VO2 max

A

The maximal amount of oxygen that can be inspired, transported and utilised per minute of exhaustive exercise

71
Q

What is the A-VO2 difference?

A

The difference in the concentration of oxygen in blood leaving the heart compared to blood returning to the heart

72
Q

What limits VO2 max?

A

Cardiac output

Pulmonary diffusing capacity

O2 carrying capacity

Skeletal muscles ability to extract O2

Altitude

73
Q

Ways to identify VO2 max

A

Direct gas analysis

74
Q

What are the two types of VO2 max tests?

A

Maximal

Sub-maximal

75
Q

What sort of predictive VO2 max tests are there?

A

Walking tests

Endurance runs

Sub-max cycling

Step-tests

76
Q

How does a predictive VO2 max test work?

A

Estimates peak CRF

77
Q

Who is predictive VO2 max tests useful for?

A

Elderly, injured, sedentary

78
Q

Are predictive VO2 max tests completely accurate?

A

No

79
Q

What are the factors affecting VO2 max?

A

Sex
Age
Body composition
Previous training

80
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

81
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

A

Nerves and ganglia

82
Q

Within the peripheral nervous system what is there?

A

Somatic nervous system
And
Autonomic nervous system

83
Q

Within the autonomic nervous system what is there?

A

Sympathetic nervous system
And
Parasympathetic nervous system

84
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Controls skeletal muscles

85
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Regulates glands, blood vessel and internal organs

86
Q

How does the somatic system work

A

One motor neurone sends a signal to a single effector tissue

87
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system work?

A

Two neurone send a signal to many effector tissues

88
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

The motor neuron and the muscle fibres controlled by that motor neuron

89
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that crosses the synapse?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

90
Q

What does the sodium/potassium pump do?

A

Restores the stable environment that the muscle cell was originally in before the action potential passed through

91
Q

How does the sodium/potassium pump work?

A

Up to three sodium ions at once bind to the pump and it then moves the sodium from an area of high concentration in the cell, to an area of low concentration outside the cell

92
Q

When a neurosignal passes through a muscle cell, what happens to the resting membrane potential (which is usually -70mV)

A

It becomes more positive

93
Q

When does an action potential occur?

A

When a stimulus of sufficient strength depolarises the cell

94
Q

What is repolarisation in the muscle cell

A

Return muscle cell to resting membrane potential

95
Q

What is all or none law

A

The idea that either all of the action potential crosses the synapse, or none does

96
Q

Watch excitation - contraction coupling video

Lecture 7 - recap

A

Hard stuff this

97
Q

Describe the reflex arc

A

Sensory neuron receives input from peripheral receptors
This signal goes to the spine
Then the relay neuron sends it to the motor neuron, this then sends it to the motor neuron, this then carries the action potential to the effector (muscle fibre)

98
Q

What does a nerve conduction velocity test assess?

A

Nerve damage, dysfunction and speed at which the nerve impulse is transmitted

99
Q

What is a normal nerve conduction velocity (NCV)?

A

Everyone is different but usually it falls between 80-120 m/s

100
Q

What is the back of the brain responsible for?

A

Perception

101
Q

What is the top of the brain responsible for?

A

Movement

102
Q

What is the front of the brain responsible for

A

Deep thinking

103
Q

What is cryotherapy

A

Applying ice or cold to an injury or after exercise for therapeutic effect, such as reducing swelling

104
Q

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

A

Sensory and motor innervation

Two-way conduction pathway

Major center for reflexes

105
Q

Shape of grey matter?

A

Almost H shaped and surrounds the cavity

106
Q

Where is white matter

A

Surrounds the grey matter

107
Q

What are two types of nerve pathway

Lecture 7 - nerve function

A

Ascending fibers - going from body to the brain

Descending fibers - going from brain to spinal cord

108
Q

What is the order of the inflammatory immune response?

A

Damaged cells release cytokines/chemokines
Activating mast cells - activates a number of chemical mediators that orchestrate the inflammatory response
Cell walls widen, blood flow increases
Exudation
Margination
Emigration

109
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Engulf the pathogen

110
Q

At resting membrane potential what is the balance of sodium inside and outside the cell?

A 
Outside = 150mM
Inside = 15mM
111
Q

At resting membrane potential what is the balance of potassium inside and outside the cell?

A 
Outside = 5mM
Inside = 150mM

Human Physiology And Practical Skills (5 decks)

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