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Human Physiology And Practical Skills > Lecture 2 - Blood Constituents > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Blood Constituents Flashcards

1
Q

What does blood do?

A

Transports material between cells and external environment to maintain homeostasis

Transports O2 and CO2

Some blood cells are part of the immune system

Some constituents help stop bleeding

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2
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A 
Transport
Maintain body temperature 
Controls pH (buffer)
Regulation of body fluid electrolytes 
Removes toxins from the body
Regulates blood clotting
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3
Q

What makes up the blood?

A

Plasma - 55%
Erythrocytes - 44%
Leukocytes (WBC) - 1%
Thrombocytes (platelets)

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4
Q

What is haematrocrit?

A

The total volume of blood occupies by red blood cells

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5
Q

The blood plasma:

A

> 90% water
Transports material in blood
Can hold and distribute much of the heat generated metabolically

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6
Q

What is the most plentiful organic constituent of plasma?

A

Plasma proteins (8%)

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7
Q

How are plasma proteins identified?

A

By electrophoresis

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8
Q

What is the primary function of erythrocytes

A

Transport O2

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9
Q

Facts about erythrocytes

A 
Transport O2 but cannot use it
Last 120 days 
Formed in bone marrow
2 trillion RBC’s at one time
2-3 million are made per second
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10
Q

Erythrocyte structure and function

A

Contain Hb that allow it to carry O2

Concave shape to be more efficient at carrying O2

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11
Q

Hb molecule consists of two parts

A

The globin part - a protein made up of four chains

Four iron containing haem groups

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12
Q

Haemoglobin structure

A

Four globin protein chains

Four iron containing haem groups (each iron atom can combine with one molecule of O2)

Therefore, 4 haem groups = 4 iron atoms. Therefore, each haemoglobin can pick up four O2 passengers

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13
Q

What is it called when oxygen is bound to haemoglobin?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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14
Q

In addition to being able to bind with oxygen, what else can Hb bind with?

A

CO2
Carbon monoxide
Carbonic acid

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15
Q

What is haemoglobinopathies?

A

Where abnormal globin chains are made: - sickle cell anaemia

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16
Q

What is sickle cell anaemia?

A

The gene code for the Beta chain of Hb is mutated

Resulting in Hb polymerising at low pO2 levels forming long crystals of HbS.

This causes RBCs to deform and become sickle shaped

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17
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

The arrest of bleeding from a broken blood vessel

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18
Q

What are the three steps of haemostasis?

A

Vascular spasm (blood vessel constriction)
Formation of platelet plug
Blood coagulation

(Platelets have a role in all 3 steps)

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19
Q

What is vascular spasm in haemostasis?

A

Blood vessel constriction

The smooth muscle layer constricts to slow blood flow and minimise blood loss

Platelets release potent vasoconstrictors to cause this

As the ends of the inner surfaces are pushed together, they become sticky and adhere to each other

20
Q

What is the platelet plug in haemostasis?

A

When the lining is disrupted due to injury, platelets stick to the exposed area and to each other

21
Q

How do platelets stick to each other?

A

Using Von Willebrand factor (vWF) a plasma protein secreted by platelets

22
Q

What happens to plateletsbthat are bound through vWF?

A

They release serotonin, causing the surface of nearby platelets to become sticky and stick to the first platelets

23
Q

The platelet plug seals the break and performs three other functions, which are?

A

Compaction/strengthening
Further vasoconstriction
The plug releases other chemicals which play a role in blood clotting

24
Q

What is blood coagulation (clotting)

A

Liquid blood to a solid gel (clot or thrombus)

25
Q

What does a formation of a clot on top of the platelet plug do?

A

Strengthens and supports the plug, overall reinforcing it

26
Q

What is the ultimate step in clot formation (important to note the formation of a clot in this case is good)

A

The conversion of fibrinogen (a large soluble plasma protein) into fibrin (an insoluble thread like molecule)

27
Q

During the clot formation around the platelet plug what happens to RBCs?

A

They become enmeshed (caught) in the fibrin plug

28
Q

What are the last steps in the clotting pathway?

A

Fibrinogen -> fibrin monomers (caused by Thrombin) -> fibrin polymer (caused by XIIIa)

29
Q

Coagulation (clotting) is vital but potentially lethal. What are the two control processes that inhibit coagulation?

A

Anti-thrombin

Thrombomodulin, proteins C & S

30
Q

What is anti-thrombin?

A

Inhibits many of the clotting factors and especially thrombin - it’s activity is enhanced by heparin which is normally present on endothelial cells

31
Q

What is thrombomodulin, Proteins C and S?

A

Endothelial cells express thrombomodulin that can bind to thrombin, eliminating thrombins coagulant effects and activates protein C

32
Q

In addition to the two anti-clotting controls, what else is there? and what does it do?

A

Fibrinolysis - breaks down the fibrin clot

33
Q

What are the black and blue marks of a bruise caused by?

A

Internal bleeding

34
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Where blood clots appear when otherwise we seem fit and healthy

35
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

Blood clot within a vessel/heart

36
Q

What is an embolus?

A

Detached mass able to travel in a vessel

37
Q

What is an embolism

A

The lodging of an embolus

38
Q

What is a thrombo-embolism?

A

Blockage by a thrombus that has travelled

39
Q

What are the three key things that mattered as to whether someone (including healthy individuals) may form a blood clot? (Virchows triad) (X3)

A

Blood needs to move, if it’s sits still it could cause a clot

Injury to vessel wall

Thrombogenic changes in blood - make the blood more hypercoaguable (more likely to clot)

40
Q

What is an inherited coagulopathy?

A

An inherited bleeding disordering

41
Q

What is von Willebrand’s disease?

A

Lack of vWF, leading to poor platelet aggregation

42
Q

What is haemophilia A?

A

Deficiency in factor VIII. X-linked recessive disorder

Associated with excessive bleeding

43
Q

What is haemophilia B?

A

Deficiency in factor IX (rare). Also known as ‘Christmas disease’

Associated with excessive bleeding

44
Q

What is a blood group?

A

A classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surfaces of a red blood cell

45
Q

If an individual is exposed to molecules that are not on a ‘self’ RBC what happens?

A

An immune response attack’s the foreign material

46
Q

What are the blood groups?

A

A
B
AB
O

47
Q

Someone with blood group AB are considered what? And what does this allow them to do?

A

They are considered universal recipients and can receive blood from any ABO group

Human Physiology And Practical Skills (5 decks)

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