Lecture 3 - Respiratory Physiology

Question 1

What makes human movement possible?

Answer 1

Cross bridge cycling

Question 2

What is cross bridge cycling?

Answer 2

Where actin and myosin attach and detach

Question 3

What allows the process of cross bridge cycling to occur?

Answer 3

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 4

In aerobic system you need oxygen to resynthesise ATP, therefore you need some way of getting O2 in, which is?

Answer 4

The respiratory system

Question 5

When you have O2 in the respiratory system (for ATP resynthesis) you need some way of transporting it around the body, which is?

Answer 5

The cardiovascular system

Question 6

What is the respiratory systems role in ATP resynthesis

Answer 6

To provide a means of gas exchange between the external environment and the body

Question 7

What is the average adult lung volume?

Answer 7

4-6 litres

Question 8

State the path that air goes through when entering the body

Answer 8

Nasal cavity (and mouth)
Pharynx 
Larynx 
Trachea
Bronchus (bronchi)
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole 
Alveoli

Question 9

What are the two zones in the respiratory system?

Answer 9

Conducting zone

Transitional and respiratory zone

Question 10

Where is the conducting zone from and where does it go to?

Answer 10

Trachea -> bronchioles

Question 11

What does the conducting zone contain?

Answer 11

An atomic dead space

Question 12

What is an atomic dead space

Answer 12

The total volume of the conducting airways from the nose or mouth to the terminal bronchioles (it is the area where air is inhaled into but gas exchange does not take place)

Question 13

Where is the transitional and respiratory zone? And what is it the site of?

Answer 13

Respiratory bronchiole to the alveolar sacs

Gas exchange

Question 14

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Answer 14

To provide a means of gas exchange between the external environment and the body

Question 15

Definition of ventilation

Answer 15

Exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli

Question 16

What is bulk flow?

Answer 16

Difference in pressure between the atmosphere and the lungs / resistance to that flow

/_\ P/R

Question 17

What is Boyles law?

Answer 17

Decrease in volume, increase in pressure

Question 18

What is the process of inspiration?

Answer 18

Inspiratory muscles contract

Increase lung volume

Decrease in pressure

Change in pressure gradient

Air rushes in

Question 19

What is the process of expiration?

Answer 19

Inspiratory muscles relax / recoil

Decrease lung volume

Increase in pressure

Change in pressure gradient

Air rushes out

Question 20

Bulk flow doesn’t only depend on pressure difference, what else does it depend on?

Answer 20

Lung compliance - how stretchy your lungs are

Question 21

Average tidal volume (TV) and what TV is

Answer 21

Men - 600mL

Women - 500mL

The amount of air inspired or expired per breath

Question 22

Average inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) and what IRV is

Answer 22

Men - 3000mL

Women - 1900mL

The maximum amount of air that can be inspired by the lungs by determine effort after normal inspiration

Question 23

Average expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and what ERV is

Answer 23

Men - 1200mL

Women - 800mL

The additional amount of air that can be expired from the lungs by determined effort after normal expiration

Question 24

Average total lung capacity (TLC) and what it is

Answer 24

Men - 6000mL

Women - 4200mL

The volume of the lungs

Question 25

Average residual lung volume (RLV) and what it is

Answer 25

Men - 1200mL Women - 1000mL The volume of air still in the lungs after the ERV is exhaled

Question 26

Average forced vital capacity (FVC) and what it is

Answer 26

Men - 4800 Women - 3200 The total amount of air exhaled during a FEV test (measures how much air can be exhaled during a forced breath)

Question 27

Average functional residual capacity (FRC) and what it is

Answer 27

Men - 2400mL Women - 1800mL Volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration

Question 28

What is the forced exploratory reserve volume (FEV)

Answer 28

How much air can be exhaled during a forced breath

Question 29

What is the resting respiratory rate (breaths per minute)

Answer 29

Around 12

Question 30

Equation for minute ventilation

Answer 30

Minute ventilation = Tidal Volume x breathing frequency

Question 31

What is the maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) and what are the average values?

Answer 31

Men - 140-180L/min Women - 80-120L/min Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled/exhaled in one minute eMMV = FEV1 x 40

Question 32

What is diffusion

Answer 32

Movement of something from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 33

Definition of partial pressure and what is the equation

Answer 33

The force exerted by a single gas within a mixture of gases Fraction concentration of specific gas x total pressure of the gas mixture

Question 34

What is Dalton’s law?

Answer 34

A gas mixtures total pressure is equal to the sum of the individual gases in the mixture

Question 35

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

Answer 35

760mmHg

Question 36

What is the rate of diffusion affected by?

Answer 36

Pressure differential between gases Solubility of the gas in the fluid

Question 37

What is Henry’s law?

Answer 37

Mass of a gas that dissolved in a fluid at a given temperature varies directly with the pressure of the gas over the liquid

Question 38

What is Ficks law?

Answer 38

Rate of gas transfer is proportional to the tissue area, the diffusion coefficient of the gas, and the difference in partial pressure of the gas on the two sides of the tissue, and is inversely proportional to the thickness

Question 39

Look at PowerPoint slide 32

Answer 39

Homeostasis diagram

Question 40

What do chemoreceptors detect and where are they located

Answer 40

Changes in chemical balance Located in the internal and external carotid artery

Question 41

What sort of system is the ventilatory system?

Answer 41

It is a demand led system

Question 42

During exercise what happens to the process of inspiration?

Answer 42

Everything becomes greater

Question 43

During exercise what happens to expiration?

Answer 43

Becomes active as everything becomes greater

Question 44

What is hyperpnea?

Answer 44

Increase in ventilation during exercise?