Lectures 24-25 parts I, II, III Flashcards
1
Q
CNS forms from the embryonic outer covering called the
A
ectoderm
2
Q
CNS at 1st week of birth
A
neural plate
3
Q
CNS at 2nd week
A
neural groove
4
Q
CNS at 3rd week
A
neural tube; neural crest cells form dorsal root ganglia
5
Q
notochord forms the
A
nucleus pulposus
6
Q
3 parts of brain at 4th week
A
forebrain (prosencephalon)
midbrain (mesencephalon)
hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
7
Q
telencephalon
A
cerebrum
8
Q
diencephalon
A
thalamus and hypothalamus
9
Q
mesencephalon
A
midbrain
10
Q
metencephalon
A
cerebellum and pons
11
Q
myelencephalon
A
medulla
12
Q
corpora quadrigeminal is covered by/consists of
A
tectum: reflex centers for vision (superior colliculi) and auditory (inferior colliculi)
13
Q
3 cerebellar peduncles
A
superior, middle, inferior - carry info between cerebellum and brainstem
14
Q
top part of 4th ventricle overlays:
A
the pons
15
Q
bottom part of 4th ventricle overlays:
A
the medulla
16
Q
dorsal column of medulla carries __ info:
A
sensory info upward
17
Q
ventral medulla parts
A
olive, pyramids, pyramidal decussation
18
Q
purpose of pyramidal decussation
A
right brain can control the left side and vice versa
19
Q
receives info from spine
A
anterior lobe of cerebellum
20
Q
receives from cerebral cortex
A
posterior lobe of cerebellum
21
Q
formed first; equilibrium and balance
A
vermis of cerebellum
22
Q
squeeze brainstem during swelling causing circulation to brainstem to stop
A
tonsils of cerebellum
23
Q
regulates level of consciousness and cellular activity cycles
A
ascending reticular formation (RAS)
24
Q
drives respiration and cycles between expiration/inspiration, maintains muscle tone
A
descending reticular formation
25
cerebellum is important in maintaining
muscle coordination
26
cerebellar lesions
ataxia (truncal and gait), dysynergia (tremor), dysmetria (past pointing), dysdiadochokinesia
27
parts of diencephalon (4)
hypothalamus, thalamus, sub thalamus, epithalamus
28
3rd ventricle is located
between thalamic lobes
29
floor of 3rd ventricle
hypothalamus
30
roof of 3rd ventricle
corpus collosum
31
nuclei of thalamus (3 categories)
relay, diffuse, association
32
gray matter bridging the third ventricle and connects two lobes of thalamus
massa intermedia
33
band of fibers seen in the thalamus that helps to separate the three different functional nuclear groups
internal medullary lamina
34
responsible for initiating parasympathetic responses
anterior hypothalamus
35
responsible for initiating sympathetic responses
posterior hypothalamus
36
separates thalamus from hypothalamus
sulcus
37
where optic nerve crosses
optic chiasm
38
dura mater that covers pituitary gland as it passes through hypophyseal fossa
diaphragma sellae
39
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, STH (GH), prolactin
anterior pituitary
40
oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)
posterior pituitary
41
MSH
pars intermedia
42
epithalamus includes the
pineal gland
43
sub thalamus has the
sub thalamic nucleus (luys)
44
sub thalamic nucleus (luys) prevents
dyskinesia; hemiballismus
45
known as the "silent area" and "CEO" of the brain
prefrontal cortex
46
motor control of extraocular movements
frontal eye fields
47
controls gross motor and trunk movements (walking)
premotor cortex
48
premotor cortex contains the
supplementary motor area (SMA)
49
plans motor activity and sequence of movements without cueing
SMA
50
primary motor area; controls fine digital and voluntary movement
precentral gyrus
51
regions of the body represented on the primary motor area; inverse relationship (top of gyrus controls lower body)
homunculus
52
rostral to lower precentral gyrus, dominant on left; speech production
Broca's motor speech area
53
lesions to broca's area
expressive aphasia (unable to form words except profanity oftentimes)
54
frontal lobe (basal portion) language production
pars orbitalis
55
frontal lobe (basal portion) working assembly for language
pars triangularis
56
frontal lobe (basal portion) speech motor function
pars operculari
57
primary receiving area for general sensation (pain/remp, tactile senses)
postcentral gyrus (parietal lobe)
58
knowing an object by its feel
stereognosis
59
processes and associates general sensory info
general sensory association cortex
60
provides sensory and texture feedback for motor tasks
supramarginal gyrus
61
lesions of supramarginal gyrus (3 things)
ideomotor (hard to complete single step motor tasks) and ideational dyspraxia (hard to do sequence of movements), oromoter dyspraxia (difficult to coordinate muscles needed to pronounce words)
62
part of cerebral cortex related to lang and reading association/number processing
angular gyrus
63
primary visual and visual association cortex
occipital lobe
64
lesions in occipital lobe
cortical blindness or visual agnosia (can't integrate info being seen)
65
what separates gyrus cuneus and linguine gyrus in occipital lobe
calcarine sulcus
66
primary receiving area for audition
anterior transverse temporal gyri
67
first cortical area to process incoming auditory info
anterior transverse temporal gyrus (Heschel's convolutions)
68
responsible for language comprehension
Wernicke's speech association area
69
lesions in wernicke's
receptive aphasia (cannot comprehend speech)
70
what connects broca's and wenicke's areas
Arc fasciculus
71
primary receiving area for smell
primary olfactory area
72
houses olfactory cortex
uncus
73
what is the only incoming sensory stimulus that does not travel through the thalamus on its way to the cerebral cortex
olfaction
74
part of the emotional brain/limbic system/memory
hippocampus
75
what lobe starts with the hippocampus
limbic lobe
76
located deep within the lateral fissure and known as the "island of rei"
insular lobe
77
underneath hypothalamus, interconnect the limbic and olfactory systems
mammillary bodies
78
above the thalamus and serves as a receiving/integrating cortex for the limbic system
gyrus cinguli
79
above thalamus, consists of a large group of commissural fibers interconnecting 2 hemispheres
corpus callosum
80
connects the hippocampus and mammillary bodies
fornix
81
within the lateral ventricle and ends at amygdala
caudate nucleus
82
consists of globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra; communicate with the cerebral cortex to help regulate voluntary movement
basal ganglia
83
small passage through midbrain interconnecting 3rd and 4th ventricles
cerebral aqueduct (Sylvian)
84
the brain and spinal cord are surrounded with a trilaminar covering of tissue called:
the meninges
85
the 3 cranial meningeal layers (deep to superficial)
pia, arachnoid, dura mater
86
between pia and arachnoid and contains CSF
subarachnoid space
87
between arachnoid and dura mater ("potential space")
subdural space
88
perpendicular to the cerebral falx
tentorium cerebellum
89
separates the cerebral hemispheres, attaches rostrally to the crista galli, and lies within the medial longitudinal fissure
cerebral falx
90
sources of cranial arterial supply
anterior circulation (carotid system) and posterior circulation (vertebral system)
91
the anterior and posterior circulations form the:
circle of willis
92
parts of anterior circulation (2)
common carotid arteries and internal carotid arteries
93
part of posterior circulation (1)
vertebral arteries
94
vertebral arteries form the
basilar artery
95
basilar artery divides into the
posterior cerebral arteries
96
posterior cerebral arteries give off the
posterior communicating arteries
97
the posterior communicating arteries continue rostrally to join the
internal carotid arteries
98
supplies the lower inferior surface of the cerebellum and the lower brainstem
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
99
supplies the upper inferior surface of the cerebellum and the upper brainstem
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
100
supplies the superior surface of the cerebellum and midbrain
superior cerebellar artery
101
supplies the cerebral occipital lobes and inferior temporal lobe
posterior cerebral artery
102
supplies the parietal and posterior frontal lobes (upper and lower limbs), subcortical structures, lateral side of brain; most strokes occur at this artery
middle cerebral artery
103
supplies the frontal lobe and medial cerebral cortex
anterior cerebral artery
104
blood is returned from the cranial cavity and brain via the:
dural venous sinuses
105
the dural venous sinuses receive blood from the:
superficial cerebral veins
106
the venous sinuses converge in occipital region to drain into the:
internal jugular vein
107
pierce the arachnoid mater and attach to sagittal sinus in subdural space
superficial cerebral veins
108
injury to superficial cerebral veins results in a:
subdural hematoma
109
lies within the cerebral falx superiorly; at the point where 2 hemispheres come together
superior sagittal sinus
110
lies within the inferior edge of cerebral falx
inferior sagittal sinus
111
drains the diencephalic area and joins with the inferior sagittal sinus to form the straight sinus
Great cerebral vein of Galen
112
drains the cerebellum and brainstem
occipital sinus
113
where all the veins run together
confluence of sinuses
114
carries blood from convergence of sinuses on the occipital region toward the exit
transverse sinus
115
continuation of the transverse sinus toward the jugular foramen exit from the skull
sigmoid sinus
116
venous "pool" lying on either side of the body of the sphenoid
cavernous sinus
117
cavernous sinus drains into the:
pterygoid plexus of veins and the greater and lesser petrosal sinuses
118
CSF is produced within spaces called
ventricles (by the choroid plexus)
119
names of ventricles
2 lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle
120
flow of CSF
produced within lateral ventricles, flows into 3rd ventricle, cerebral aqueduct (sylvius), 4th ventricle, subarachnoid space; returns to superior sagittal sinus
121
small defects in the 4th ventricle
foramen of Magendie and 2 foramina of Luschka
122
small extensions of subarachnoid space that protrude into superior sagittal sinus
arachnoid villi
