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Unit 3 Human Anatomy > Lectures 24-25 parts I, II, III > Flashcards

Lectures 24-25 parts I, II, III Flashcards

1
Q

CNS forms from the embryonic outer covering called the

A

ectoderm

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2
Q

CNS at 1st week of birth

A

neural plate

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3
Q

CNS at 2nd week

A

neural groove

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4
Q

CNS at 3rd week

A

neural tube; neural crest cells form dorsal root ganglia

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5
Q

notochord forms the

A

nucleus pulposus

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6
Q

3 parts of brain at 4th week

A

forebrain (prosencephalon)
midbrain (mesencephalon)
hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

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7
Q

telencephalon

A

cerebrum

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8
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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9
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain

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10
Q

metencephalon

A

cerebellum and pons

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11
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla

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12
Q

corpora quadrigeminal is covered by/consists of

A

tectum: reflex centers for vision (superior colliculi) and auditory (inferior colliculi)

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13
Q

3 cerebellar peduncles

A

superior, middle, inferior - carry info between cerebellum and brainstem

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14
Q

top part of 4th ventricle overlays:

A

the pons

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15
Q

bottom part of 4th ventricle overlays:

A

the medulla

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16
Q

dorsal column of medulla carries __ info:

A

sensory info upward

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17
Q

ventral medulla parts

A

olive, pyramids, pyramidal decussation

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18
Q

purpose of pyramidal decussation

A

right brain can control the left side and vice versa

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19
Q

receives info from spine

A

anterior lobe of cerebellum

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20
Q

receives from cerebral cortex

A

posterior lobe of cerebellum

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21
Q

formed first; equilibrium and balance

A

vermis of cerebellum

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22
Q

squeeze brainstem during swelling causing circulation to brainstem to stop

A

tonsils of cerebellum

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23
Q

regulates level of consciousness and cellular activity cycles

A

ascending reticular formation (RAS)

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24
Q

drives respiration and cycles between expiration/inspiration, maintains muscle tone

A

descending reticular formation

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25
Q

cerebellum is important in maintaining

A

muscle coordination

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26
Q

cerebellar lesions

A

ataxia (truncal and gait), dysynergia (tremor), dysmetria (past pointing), dysdiadochokinesia

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27
Q

parts of diencephalon (4)

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, sub thalamus, epithalamus

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28
Q

3rd ventricle is located

A

between thalamic lobes

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29
Q

floor of 3rd ventricle

A

hypothalamus

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30
Q

roof of 3rd ventricle

A

corpus collosum

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31
Q

nuclei of thalamus (3 categories)

A

relay, diffuse, association

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32
Q

gray matter bridging the third ventricle and connects two lobes of thalamus

A

massa intermedia

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33
Q

band of fibers seen in the thalamus that helps to separate the three different functional nuclear groups

A

internal medullary lamina

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34
Q

responsible for initiating parasympathetic responses

A

anterior hypothalamus

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35
Q

responsible for initiating sympathetic responses

A

posterior hypothalamus

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36
Q

separates thalamus from hypothalamus

A

sulcus

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37
Q

where optic nerve crosses

A

optic chiasm

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38
Q

dura mater that covers pituitary gland as it passes through hypophyseal fossa

A

diaphragma sellae

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39
Q

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, STH (GH), prolactin

A

anterior pituitary

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40
Q

oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)

A

posterior pituitary

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41
Q

MSH

A

pars intermedia

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42
Q

epithalamus includes the

A

pineal gland

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43
Q

sub thalamus has the

A

sub thalamic nucleus (luys)

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44
Q

sub thalamic nucleus (luys) prevents

A

dyskinesia; hemiballismus

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45
Q

known as the “silent area” and “CEO” of the brain

A

prefrontal cortex

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46
Q

motor control of extraocular movements

A

frontal eye fields

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47
Q

controls gross motor and trunk movements (walking)

A

premotor cortex

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48
Q

premotor cortex contains the

A

supplementary motor area (SMA)

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49
Q

plans motor activity and sequence of movements without cueing

50
Q

primary motor area; controls fine digital and voluntary movement

A

precentral gyrus

51
Q

regions of the body represented on the primary motor area; inverse relationship (top of gyrus controls lower body)

A

homunculus

52
Q

rostral to lower precentral gyrus, dominant on left; speech production

A

Broca’s motor speech area

53
Q

lesions to broca’s area

A

expressive aphasia (unable to form words except profanity oftentimes)

54
Q

frontal lobe (basal portion) language production

A

pars orbitalis

55
Q

frontal lobe (basal portion) working assembly for language

A

pars triangularis

56
Q

frontal lobe (basal portion) speech motor function

A

pars operculari

57
Q

primary receiving area for general sensation (pain/remp, tactile senses)

A

postcentral gyrus (parietal lobe)

58
Q

knowing an object by its feel

A

stereognosis

59
Q

processes and associates general sensory info

A

general sensory association cortex

60
Q

provides sensory and texture feedback for motor tasks

A

supramarginal gyrus

61
Q

lesions of supramarginal gyrus (3 things)

A

ideomotor (hard to complete single step motor tasks) and ideational dyspraxia (hard to do sequence of movements), oromoter dyspraxia (difficult to coordinate muscles needed to pronounce words)

62
Q

part of cerebral cortex related to lang and reading association/number processing

A

angular gyrus

63
Q

primary visual and visual association cortex

A

occipital lobe

64
Q

lesions in occipital lobe

A

cortical blindness or visual agnosia (can’t integrate info being seen)

65
Q

what separates gyrus cuneus and linguine gyrus in occipital lobe

A

calcarine sulcus

66
Q

primary receiving area for audition

A

anterior transverse temporal gyri

67
Q

first cortical area to process incoming auditory info

A

anterior transverse temporal gyrus (Heschel’s convolutions)

68
Q

responsible for language comprehension

A

Wernicke’s speech association area

69
Q

lesions in wernicke’s

A

receptive aphasia (cannot comprehend speech)

70
Q

what connects broca’s and wenicke’s areas

A

Arc fasciculus

71
Q

primary receiving area for smell

A

primary olfactory area

72
Q

houses olfactory cortex

73
Q

what is the only incoming sensory stimulus that does not travel through the thalamus on its way to the cerebral cortex

74
Q

part of the emotional brain/limbic system/memory

A

hippocampus

75
Q

what lobe starts with the hippocampus

A

limbic lobe

76
Q

located deep within the lateral fissure and known as the “island of rei”

A

insular lobe

77
Q

underneath hypothalamus, interconnect the limbic and olfactory systems

A

mammillary bodies

78
Q

above the thalamus and serves as a receiving/integrating cortex for the limbic system

A

gyrus cinguli

79
Q

above thalamus, consists of a large group of commissural fibers interconnecting 2 hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

80
Q

connects the hippocampus and mammillary bodies

81
Q

within the lateral ventricle and ends at amygdala

A

caudate nucleus

82
Q

consists of globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra; communicate with the cerebral cortex to help regulate voluntary movement

A

basal ganglia

83
Q

small passage through midbrain interconnecting 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

cerebral aqueduct (Sylvian)

84
Q

the brain and spinal cord are surrounded with a trilaminar covering of tissue called:

A

the meninges

85
Q

the 3 cranial meningeal layers (deep to superficial)

A

pia, arachnoid, dura mater

86
Q

between pia and arachnoid and contains CSF

A

subarachnoid space

87
Q

between arachnoid and dura mater (“potential space”)

A

subdural space

88
Q

perpendicular to the cerebral falx

A

tentorium cerebellum

89
Q

separates the cerebral hemispheres, attaches rostrally to the crista galli, and lies within the medial longitudinal fissure

A

cerebral falx

90
Q

sources of cranial arterial supply

A

anterior circulation (carotid system) and posterior circulation (vertebral system)

91
Q

the anterior and posterior circulations form the:

A

circle of willis

92
Q

parts of anterior circulation (2)

A

common carotid arteries and internal carotid arteries

93
Q

part of posterior circulation (1)

A

vertebral arteries

94
Q

vertebral arteries form the

A

basilar artery

95
Q

basilar artery divides into the

A

posterior cerebral arteries

96
Q

posterior cerebral arteries give off the

A

posterior communicating arteries

97
Q

the posterior communicating arteries continue rostrally to join the

A

internal carotid arteries

98
Q

supplies the lower inferior surface of the cerebellum and the lower brainstem

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

99
Q

supplies the upper inferior surface of the cerebellum and the upper brainstem

A

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

100
Q

supplies the superior surface of the cerebellum and midbrain

A

superior cerebellar artery

101
Q

supplies the cerebral occipital lobes and inferior temporal lobe

A

posterior cerebral artery

102
Q

supplies the parietal and posterior frontal lobes (upper and lower limbs), subcortical structures, lateral side of brain; most strokes occur at this artery

A

middle cerebral artery

103
Q

supplies the frontal lobe and medial cerebral cortex

A

anterior cerebral artery

104
Q

blood is returned from the cranial cavity and brain via the:

A

dural venous sinuses

105
Q

the dural venous sinuses receive blood from the:

A

superficial cerebral veins

106
Q

the venous sinuses converge in occipital region to drain into the:

A

internal jugular vein

107
Q

pierce the arachnoid mater and attach to sagittal sinus in subdural space

A

superficial cerebral veins

108
Q

injury to superficial cerebral veins results in a:

A

subdural hematoma

109
Q

lies within the cerebral falx superiorly; at the point where 2 hemispheres come together

A

superior sagittal sinus

110
Q

lies within the inferior edge of cerebral falx

A

inferior sagittal sinus

111
Q

drains the diencephalic area and joins with the inferior sagittal sinus to form the straight sinus

A

Great cerebral vein of Galen

112
Q

drains the cerebellum and brainstem

A

occipital sinus

113
Q

where all the veins run together

A

confluence of sinuses

114
Q

carries blood from convergence of sinuses on the occipital region toward the exit

A

transverse sinus

115
Q

continuation of the transverse sinus toward the jugular foramen exit from the skull

A

sigmoid sinus

116
Q

venous “pool” lying on either side of the body of the sphenoid

A

cavernous sinus

117
Q

cavernous sinus drains into the:

A

pterygoid plexus of veins and the greater and lesser petrosal sinuses

118
Q

CSF is produced within spaces called

A

ventricles (by the choroid plexus)

119
Q

names of ventricles

A

2 lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle

120
Q

flow of CSF

A

produced within lateral ventricles, flows into 3rd ventricle, cerebral aqueduct (sylvius), 4th ventricle, subarachnoid space; returns to superior sagittal sinus

121
Q

small defects in the 4th ventricle

A

foramen of Magendie and 2 foramina of Luschka

122
Q

small extensions of subarachnoid space that protrude into superior sagittal sinus

A

arachnoid villi

Unit 3 Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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