lectures 2, 3, 4.

Question 1

Aristotle

Answer 1

expanded on platos nations of essentialism.

• universe living as a whole
• heavens perfect and stable
• matter and form interdependent

Question 2

Lucretius

Answer 2

Three stage law. (hands, stones, then flame.)

Question 3

Tacitus

Answer 3

Historian and Ethnographer.
Categorize to control
Germans as “pure race”

Question 4

Early Medieval Period

Answer 4

primacy of catholic church.

fear of past

Question 5

The great chain of being

Answer 5

all things have their place and are immutable. Supreme authority.
eternity of the world in its present form

Question 6

Arybhata

Answer 6

Hindu numerals 1-9, calculates pi, earth revolves around the sun

Question 7

Al-khwarizmi

Answer 7

Develops algebra, arabic numerals, 0

Question 8

Al-andalus

Answer 8

Religion and philosophy

Question 9

Impacts of the world on the west

Answer 9

Europe expands through exploration. Europeans exposed to Africa and Americans

Question 10

The Renaissance

Answer 10

Pope Pius II- merging humanism and christian theology

Question 11

Leonardo Da Vinci

Answer 11

Renaissance- human form and reason.

Question 12

Protestant Reformation

Answer 12

Martin Luther. 95 theses. proliferation of christian sects.

Question 13

Printing Press

Answer 13

1436 Johann Gutenberg. Latin bible first. support dissemination of findings in 17th century

Question 14

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 14

Development of the microscope

Question 15

Galileo Galilei

Answer 15

Development of the Telescope

Question 16

Clear separation of church and state.

Answer 16

Netherlands. contrast to spain and portugal

Question 17

Francis Bacon

Answer 17

Induction

Question 18

Rene descartes

Answer 18

mind/body dualism. mechanistic universe

Question 19

Reverend Thomas Burnett

Answer 19

Sacred theory of the earth 3 key events. Possibility of time depth

Question 20

Reverend John Ray

Answer 20

Mechanik Theism. allowed for cyclical change, as mitigated by god

Question 21

George Cuvier

Answer 21

Essentialism. Catastophism as a means of change over time

Question 22

George Louis Lecleric, comte de Buffon

Answer 22

Environment shaping human character. 6 epochs of nature. Forms shaped by internal molds.

Question 23

Nicholas Steno

Answer 23

Principle of original horizontality. Stages of the earth in tuscanny

Question 24

Natural system of Earth

Answer 24

Neptunism. Vulcanism. Geology. Gradualism. Geological record age

Question 25

Thomas Malthus

Answer 25

Principle of population growth. Carrying capacity. Population traps. Calls for social controls on the poor

Question 26

Darwinism. 3 conditions

Answer 26

Variation exists. Variation is heritable. Variation correlates with survival. *Environmental fitness

Question 27

Francis Galton

Answer 27

Inheritance of social and mental traits.

Question 28

Herbert Spencer

Answer 28

Unilineal approaches to societal evolution

Question 29

Non-Darwinian Evolutionary Mechanisms

Answer 29

Mutation. Gene flow. Founder effect. Genetic drift. Bottleneck effect

Question 30

Children vs Chimps

Answer 30

Chimps cant trace squares. Children can "fill in missing parts." Chimps with ASL lack grammar and vocabulary. Chimps don't teach their children.

Question 31

Mind of a chimp

Answer 31

Social cognition and tying future to survival. lack altruism (PFC)

Question 32

The missing link?

Answer 32

Legs, feet, hand specialization

Question 33

Bipedal adaptations

Answer 33

shift upper and lower body. ability to throw. arms and legs counter balance

Question 34

Hand specialization

Answer 34

Ability to throw overhand. and carry things

Question 35

Australopiths

Answer 35

2 groups. Gracile and Robust

Question 36

"Lucy"

Answer 36

Australopithecus afarensis

Question 37

Homo Habilis

Answer 37

Brains 50% larger than australopithecus (brain lateralization and handedness). skulls more rounded. fully bipedal. stone use. Need for growing social ability

Question 38

Social brain hypothesis

Answer 38

larger social groups permit more social learning and afford protection. More cognitive ability, communicate and resolve issues

Question 39

Homo Erectus

Answer 39

Lower limbs lengthen. female pelvis the same as present. Hip and foot modify. brain size grows 1200cm cubed. First to use fire to cook their food

Question 40

Expensive tissue hypothesis

Answer 40

4x more energy to brain

Question 41

Neandertals

Answer 41

First houses. Burial recognition of the dead. Nasty brutish and short lives.

Question 42

Frontal lobe significance

Answer 42

Social behavior and planning of future actions

Question 43

4 theories of food production

Answer 43

Religious reasons, crowding, river focus, stress

Question 44

Hunter gathering

Answer 44

Time minimizing.

Question 45

Animal domestication

Answer 45

Aggressive ones killed, neotenic traits were reinforced, some were easy to approach

Question 46

Mediterranean triad

Answer 46

Wheat, olives, grapes

Question 47

Effects of agriculture

Answer 47

Sedentism. Storage needs. new technologies and occupations. Alcohol

Question 48

Invention of the plow

Answer 48

3,000 BC. deeper soil plowing. bring nutrients to the surface

Question 49

Peak of stone tool technology

Answer 49

4,000 BC

Question 50

Mesopotamia

Answer 50

Land between two rivers. good for agriculture. lots of trade. *** they changed landscape, deforestation and river flow

Question 51

Development of writing

Answer 51

``` Plain tokens in geometric shapes Complex tokens with markings and shapes Clay envelopes to hold tokens Cone or disk on wedge on a tablet **inka used knotted strings ```

Question 52

(5 ways) Hunter gatherer strategies to reduce risk.

Answer 52

1. manipulation (burning) 2. risk pooling (sharing) 3. mobility (alliances) 4. create enemies 5. storage

Question 53

Louis XIV

Answer 53

absolute monarchy